Ama
Intransitive verbs table
| gloss | layer | semantics | 1 sg | 2 sg | 3 sg m | 3 sg f | 3 sg compound | 1 incl pl | 1 pl | 2 pl | 3 pl | 1 incl du | 1 du | 2 du | 3 du |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| cry | lexeme | active | soni | sosonuno | sosonuno | ||||||||||
| cry | stem | active | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 |
| cry | suffix | active | zero | ni | zero | so | ko | noki | koni | nuwo | ko | noki | koni | nuwo | ko |
| fall | lexeme | non-active | usukunomono | usukunoni | usukuno | usukunoso | usukunoko | usukunomoki | usukunomoki | usukunonuwo | usukunono | usukunomoki | usukunomoki | usukunonuwo | usukunono |
| fall | stem | non-active | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem |
| fall | suffix | non-active | mono | ni | zero | so | ko | moko | moko | nuwo | ko | moko | moko | nuwo | ko |
| walk about | lexeme | active | liyai | liyaini | liyai | liyaiso | liyaiko | liyainoki | liyaikoni | liyainuwo | liyaino | liyainoki | liyaikoni | liyainuwo | liyaino |
| walk about | stem | active | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem |
| walk about | suffix | active | zero | ni | zero | so | ko | noki | koni | nuwo | zero | noki | koni | nuwo | zero |
| die | lexeme | non-active | kalomono | kolikalimoko | kolikalimoko | kolikalimoko | kolikalimoko | ||||||||
| die | stem | non-active | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 |
| die | suffix | non-active | mono | ni | zero | so | ko | moko | moko | nuwo | zero | moko | moko | nuwo | zero |
| come | lexeme | active | tumo | tumoni | tumo | tumoso | tumoko | ti | tumono | ||||||
| come | stem | active | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 |
| come | suffix | active | zero | ni | zero | so | ko | noki | koni | nuwo | zero | noki | koni | nuwo | no |
Transitive verbs table
| gloss | layer | 1 sg > 3 sg m | 2 sg > 3 sg m | 3 sg > 3 sg m | 1 pl > 3 sg m | 1 incl pl > 3 sg m | 2 pl > 3 sg m | 3 pl > 3 sg m | 1 sg > 3 sg f | 2 sg > 3 sg f | 3 sg > 3 sg f | 1 pl > 3 sg f | 1 incl pl > 3 sg f | 2 pl > 3 sg f | 3 pl > 3 sg f | 1 sg > 3 sg compound | 2 sg > 3 sg compound | 3 sg > 3 sg compound | 1 pl > 3 sg compound | 1 incl pl > 3 sg compound | 2 pl > 3 sg compound | 3 pl > 3 sg compound | 1 sg > 3 pl | 2 sg > 3 pl | 3 sg > 3 pl | 1 pl > 3 pl | 1 incl pl > 3 pl | 2 pl > 3 pl | 3 pl > 3 pl | 1 sg > 3 du | 2 sg > 3 du | 3 sg > 3 du | 1 pl > 3 du | 1 incl pl > 3 du | 2 pl > 3 du | 3 pl > 3 du | 1 sg > 2 sg | 3 sg > 2 sg | 1 pl > 2 sg | 3 pl > 2 sg | 1 sg > 2 pl | 3 sg > 2 pl | 1 pl > 2 pl | 3 pl > 2 pl | 1 sg > 2 du | 3 sg > 2 du | 1 pl > 2 du | 3 pl > 2 du | 2 sg > 1 sg | 3 sg > 1 sg | 2 pl > 1 sg | 3 pl > 1 sg | 2 sg > 1 pl | 3 sg > 1 pl | 2 pl > 1 pl | 3 pl > 1 pl | 2 sg > 1 du | 3 sg > 1 du | 2 pl > 1 du | 3 pl > 1 du |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| help | lexeme | fasi | fasini | fasi | fasinoki | fasikoni | fasinuwo | fasino | fasiso | fasisoni | fasiso | fasisonoki | fasisokoni | fasisonuwo | fasisono | fasiko | fasikoni | fasiko | fasikonoki | fasikokoni | fasikonuwo | fasikono | fasiko | fasikoni | fasiko | fasikonoki | fasikokoni | fasikonuwo | fasikono | fasinoki | fasini | fasinoki | fasini | fasinukwo | fasinuwo | fasinukuwo | fasinuwo | fasinukwo | fasinuwo | fasinukuwo | fasinuwo | fasimononi | fasimono | fasimononuwo | fasimonono | fasimokoni | fasimoko | fasimokonuwo | fasimokono | fasimokoni | fasimoko | fasimokonuwo | fasimokono | |||||||
| help | suffix 1 | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | so | so | so | so | so | so | so | ko | ko | ko | ko | ko | ko | ko | ko | ko | ko | ko | ko | ko | ko | ko | ko | ko | ko | ko | ko | ko | noki | ni | noki | ni | nukwo | nuwo | nukuwo | nuwo | nukwo | nuwo | nukuwo | nuwo | mono | mono | mono | mono | moko | moko | moko | moko | moko | moko | moko | moko |
| help | suffix 2 | zero | ni | zero | noki | koni | nuwo | no | zero | ni | zero | noki | koni | nuwo | no | zero | ni | zero | noki | ni | nuwo | no | zero | ni | zero | noki | ni | nuwo | no | zero | ni | zero | noki | ni | nuwo | no | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | ni | zero | nuwo | no | ni | zero | nuwo | no | ni | zero | nuwo | no |
| help | stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem |
| kill | lexeme | tukolo | tukolo | tukuwoli | tukuwoli | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| kill | suffix 1 | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | so | so | so | so | so | so | so | ko | ko | ko | ko | ko | ko | ko | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | noki | ni | noki | ni | nukwo | nuwo | nukuwo | nuwo | nukwo | nuwo | nukuwo | nuwo | mono | mono | mono | mono | moko | moko | moko | moko | moko | moko | moko | moko |
| kill | suffix 2 | zero | ni | zero | noki | koni | nuwo | no | zero | ni | zero | noki | koni | nuwo | no | zero | ni | zero | noki | ni | nuwo | no | zero | ni | zero | noki | ni | nuwo | no | zero | ni | zero | noki | ni | nuwo | no | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | ni | zero | nuwo | no | ni | zero | nuwo | no | ni | zero | nuwo | no |
| kill | stem | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 |
| take away | lexeme | alomani | alomani | alomaso | alomako | alomakoni | alomako | alomakonoki | alomakokoni | alomakonuwo | alomakono | ilomanino | alomanikono | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| take away | suffix 1 | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | so | so | so | so | so | so | so | ko | ko | ko | ko | ko | ko | ko | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | ko | ko | ko | ko | ko | ko | ko | ko | noki | ni | noki | ni | nukwo | nuwo | nukuwo | nuwo | nukwo | nuwo | nukuwo | nuwo | mono | mono | mono | mono | moko | moko | moko | moko | moko | moko | moko | moko |
| take away | suffix 2 | zero | ni | zero | noki | koni | nuwo | no | zero | ni | zero | noki | koni | nuwo | no | zero | ni | zero | noki | ni | nuwo | no | zero | ni | zero | noki | ni | nuwo | no | zero | ni | zero | noki | ni | nuwo | no | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | ni | zero | nuwo | no | ni | zero | nuwo | no | ni | zero | nuwo | no |
| take away | stem | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem3 | #stem3 | #stem3 | #stem3 | #stem3 | #stem3 | #stem3 | #stem3 | #stem3 | #stem3 | #stem3 | #stem3 | #stem3 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 |
Ama notes
- Today's past, the forms shown here, is the basic verb form; other tenses and moods are marked by additional regular affixes. (Though in a few cases the resulting combination of future tense suffixes with the argument-marking suffixes is irregular.)
- Stems may alternate for number on an ergative-absolutive basis. Morphologically there is considerable variation (such as reduplication of various sorts, or vowel alternation). This is the only context in which the dual is distinguished from the plural. It appears that a verb may only have two number stems, with the dual patterning either with the singular or the plural.
- From the examples in the text, it appears that the 3rd person plural suffixes -no (active subject/agent) and -ko (inactive subject/undergoer) are not used if the stem itself marks number. (This does not appear to affect the distribution of the non-3rd person suffixes.)
- Some verbs, such 'take away' (shown in the database) have a different stem when followed by the feminine or compound gender suffixes -so and -ko. In this case it seems likely this should apply to both the singuar/dual and the plural stem, but Årsjö gives no examples of the plural.
- The verb 'go' (not illustrated here) shows an additional pecularity: the singular/dual stem has one form when unsuffixed (moi) and a different form when suffixed (mano-). (Årsjö states this on p. 43 as a morphophonemic rule affecting verb roots of the shape /Coi/, but 'go' is the only such example in the text.)
References
Årsjö, Britten. 1999. Words in Ama. Ms, Uppsala University.