Amele
Nominals table
| gloss | layer | 1 sg > sg | 1 sg > pl | 1 du > sg | 1 du > pl | 1 pl >sg | 1 pl > pl | 2 sg > sg | 2 sg >pl | 2 du > sg | 2 du > pl | 2 pl > sg | 2 pl > pl | 3 sg > sg | 3 sg > pl | 3 du > sg | 3 du > pl | 3 pl > sg | 3 pl > pl |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| body | lexeme | deweni | deweni | dewenile | dewenile | dewenige | dewenige | dewen | dewen | dewenela | dewenela | dewenega | dewenega | deweg | deweg | dewenela | dewenela | dewenega | dewenega |
| body | suffix | ni | ni | nile | nile | nige | nige | n | n | nela | nela | nega | nega | g | g | nela | nela | nega | nega |
| brother | lexeme | coti | cotiel | cotile | cotileil | cotige | cotigeil | cotin | cotinel | cotola | cotolail | cotoga | cotogail | cotig | cotugul | cotola | cotolail | cotoga | cotogail |
| brother | suffix | i | iel | ile | ileil | ige | igeil | in | inel | ola | olail | oga | ogail | ig | ugul | ola | olail | oga | ogail |
| PRONOUNS | lexeme | ija | ija | ele | ele | ege | ege | hina | hina | ale | ale | age | age | uga | uga | ale | ale | age | age |
Possessed nouns table
| gloss | layer | 1 | 2 | 3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ear | lexeme | dahini | dahin | dahig |
| navel | lexeme | silini | silinin | silig |
| liver | lexeme | gemani | gemain | gemag |
| pride | lexeme | culani | culan | culaug |
| humility | lexeme | eweleni | ewelein | ewelug |
| cousin | lexeme | gaini | gain | gainag |
| presence | lexeme | cemeni | cemein | cemenug |
| tooth | lexeme | cebinami | cebinam | cebinag |
| flesh | lexeme | cuhuni | cuhunin | cuhun |
| fame | lexeme | binani | binain | binan |
| eye socket | lexeme | ameseni | amesen | amesec |
| feathers | lexeme | bagini | baginin | bagic |
| blood | lexeme | golani | golain | golac |
| hips | lexeme | gadani | gadain | gadaic |
| snivel | lexeme | cigumi | cigum | ciguc |
| shoulder blade | lexeme | gabalami | gabalaim | gabalac |
| son | lexeme | melami | melam | melah |
| tongue | lexeme | beilami | beilaim | beilah |
| neck | lexeme | beni | ben | be |
| face | lexeme | olani | olain | ola |
| heart | lexeme | culini | culin | cul |
| skin | lexeme | ganacini | ganacinin | ganac |
| knee | lexeme | gobani | gobain | gob |
| back of head | lexeme | bisomi | bisom | biso |
| great great grandparent/child | lexeme | jajani | jajain | jajaig |
| wife's father | lexeme | tanali | tanain | tanaig |
| brother | lexeme | coti | cotin | cotig |
| father's sister | lexeme | bini | binim | binig |
| woman's sister | lexeme | cajai | cajain | cajaiag |
| grandparent/child | lexeme | asi | asin | asag |
| eye | lexeme | ami | amen | ameg |
| ear | suffix | ni | n | g |
| navel | suffix | ni | nin | g |
| liver | suffix | ni | in | g |
| pride | suffix | ni | n | ug |
| humility | suffix | eni | ein | ug |
| cousin | suffix | ni | n | nag |
| presence | suffix | ni | in | nug |
| tooth | suffix | mi | m | g |
| flesh | suffix | ni | nin | n |
| fe | suffix | ni | in | n |
| eye socket | suffix | ni | n | c |
| feathers | suffix | ni | nin | c |
| blood | suffix | ni | in | c |
| hips | suffix | ni | in | ic |
| snivel | suffix | mi | m | c |
| shoulder blade | suffix | mi | im | c |
| son | suffix | mi | m | h |
| tongue | suffix | mi | im | h |
| neck | suffix | ni | n | zero |
| face | suffix | ni | in | zero |
| heart | suffix | ini | in | zero |
| skin | suffix | ini | inin | zero |
| knee | suffix | ani | ain | zero |
| back of head | suffix | mi | m | zero |
| great great grandparent/child | suffix | ni | in | ig |
| wife's father | suffix | li | in | ig |
| brother | suffix | i | in | ig |
| father's sister | suffix | i | im | ig |
| woman's sister | suffix | i | in | iag |
| grandparent/child | suffix | i | in | ag |
| eye | suffix | i | en | eg |
Verbs table
| gloss | layer | inf | inf medial | 1 sg prs | 2 sg prs | 3 sg prs | 1 du prs | 2 du prs | 3 du prs | 1 pl prs | 2 pl prs | 3 pl prs | 1 sg todays_pst | 2 sg todays_pst | 3 sg todays_pst | 1 du todays_pst | 2 du todays_pst | 3 du todays_pst | 1 pl todays_pst | 2 pl todays_pst | 3 pl todays_pst | 1 sg remote_pst | 2 sg remote_pst | 3 sg remote_pst | 1 du remote_pst | 2 du remote_pst | 3 du remote_pst | 1 pl remote_pst | 2 pl remote_pst | 3 pl remote_pst | 1 sg neg pst | 2 sg neg pst | 3 sg neg pst | 1 du neg pst | 2 du neg pst | 3 du neg pst | 1 pl neg pst | 2 pl neg pst | 3 pl neg pst | 1 sg hab pst | 2 sg hab pst | 3 sg hab pst | 1 du hab pst | 2 du hab pst | 3 du hab pst | 1 pl hab pst | 2 pl hab pst | 3 pl hab pst | 1 sg fut | 2 sg fut | 3 sg fut | 1 du fut | 2 du fut | 3 du fut | 1 pl fut | 2 pl fut | 3 pl fut | 1 sg neg fut | 2 sg neg fut | 3 sg neg fut | 1 du neg fut | 2 du neg fut | 3 du neg fut | 1 pl neg fut | 2 pl neg fut | 3 pl neg fut | 1 sg contra-fact | 2 sg contra-fact | 3 sg contra-fact | 1 du contra-fact | 2 du contra-fact | 3 du contra-fact | 1 pl contra-fact | 2 pl contra-fact | 3 pl contra-fact | 1 sg imp | 2 sg imp | 3 sg imp | 1 du imp | 2 du imp | 3 du imp | 1 pl imp | 2 pl imp | 3 pl imp | 1 sg prohib | 2 sg prohib | 3 sg prohib | 1 du prohib | 2 du prohib | 3 du prohib | 1 pl prohib | 2 pl prohib | 3 pl prohib | 1 sg seq same_sbj | 2 sg seq same_sbj | 3 sg seq same_sbj | 1 du seq same_sbj | 2 du seq same_sbj | 3 du seq same_sbj | 1 pl seq same_sbj | 2 pl seq same_sbj | 3 pl seq same_sbj | 1 sg seq same_sbj cond | 2 sg seq same_sbj cond | 3 sg seq same_sbj cond | 1 du seq same_sbj cond | 2 du seq same_sbj cond | 3 du seq same_sbj cond | 1 pl seq same_sbj cond | 2 pl seq same_sbj cond | 3 pl seq same_sbj cond | 1 sg seq diff_sbj | 2 sg seq diff_sbj | 3 sg seq diff_sbj | 1 du seq diff_sbj | 2 du seq diff_sbj | 3 du seq diff_sbj | 1 pl seq diff_sbj | 2 pl seq diff_sbj | 3 pl seq diff_sbj | 1 sg simul same_sbj punct | 2 sg simul same_sbj punct | 3 sg simul same_sbj punct | 1 du simul same_sbj punct | 2 du simul same_sbj punct | 3 du simul same_sbj punct | 1 pl simul same_sbj punct | 2 pl simul same_sbj punct | 3 pl simul same_sbj punct | 1 sg simul diff_sbj real punct | 2 sg simul diff_sbj real punct | 3 sg simul diff_sbj real punct | 1 du simul diff_sbj real punct | 2 du simul diff_sbj real punct | 3 du simul diff_sbj real punct | 1 pl simul diff_sbj real punct | 2 pl simul diff_sbj real punct | 3 pl simul diff_sbj real punct | 1 sg simul diff_sbj irr punct | 2 sg simul diff_sbj irr punct | 3 sg simul diff_sbj irr punct | 1 du simul diff_sbj irr punct | 2 du simul diff_sbj irr punct | 3 du simul diff_sbj irr punct | 1 pl simul diff_sbj irr punct | 2 pl simul diff_sbj irr punct | 3 pl simul diff_sbj irr punct |
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| see | lexeme | fec | fi | figina | fagana | fena | fowona | fesina | fesina | foqona | fegina | fegina | figa | faga | feia | fowa | fesia | fesia | foqa | figa | figa | fem | fem | fen | foh | fesin | fesin | fom | fein | fein | felem | felem | fel | foloh | felesin | felesin | folom | felein | felein | folig | folog | foloi | folou | folosi | folosi | folob | foloig | foloig | figen | fegan | figian | fewan | fowasan | fowasan | feqan | foqagan | foqagan | figaun | fagaun | feiaun | fowaun | fowasin | fowasin | foqaun | fowain | fowain | foum | foum | foub | fouh | foub | foub | foum | foub | foub | figa | faga | feia | fowa | fesia | fesia | foqa | feiga | feiga | figaun | fagaun | feiaun | fowaun | fowasin | fowasin | foqaun | fowain | fowain | fimig | fimeg | fimei | fimeu | fimesi | fimesi | fimeb | fimeig | fimeig | fifig | fifeg | fifei | fifeu | fifesi | fifesi | fifeb | fifeig | fifeig | fecemin | fecem | feceb | fecohul | fecebil | fecebil | fecomun | fecebil | fecebil | fig | feg | fei | fi | fesi | fesi | fob | feig | feig | figin | fegan | fen | fowon | fesin | fesin | foqon | fegin | fegin | femin | fem | feb | fohul | febil | febil | fomun | febil | febil |
| see | suffix | ec | i | igina | agana | ena | owona | esina | esina | ogona | egina | egina | iga | aga | eia | owa | esia | esia | oqa | eiga | eiga | em | em | en | oh | esin | esin | om | ein | ein | elem | elem | el | oloh | elesin | elesin | olom | elein | elein | olig | olog | oloi | olou | olosi | olosi | olob | oloig | oloig | igen | egan | igian | ewan | owasan | owasan | eqan | oqagan | oqagan | igaun | agaun | eiaun | owaun | owasin | owasin | oqaun | owain | owain | oum | oum | oub | ouh | oub | oub | oum | oub | oub | iga | aga | eia | owa | esia | esia | oqa | eiga | eiga | igaun | agaun | eiaun | owaun | owasin | owasin | oqaun | owain | owain | imig | imeg | imei | imeu | imesi | imesi | imeb | imeig | imeig | ifeg | ifei | ifeu | ifeu | ifesi | ifesi | ifeb | ifeig | ifeig | cemin | ecem | eceb | ecohul | ecebil | ecebil | ecomun | ecebil | ecebil | ig | eg | ei | i | esi | esi | ob | eig | eig | igin | egan | en | owon | esin | esin | oqon | egin | egin | emin | em | eb | ohul | ebil | ebil | omun | ebil | ebil |
| come | lexeme | hoc | hu | hugina | hogona | hona | howona | hosina | hosina | hoqona | hogina | hogina | huga | hoga | hoia | howa | hosia | hosia | hoqa | hoiga | hoiga | hom | hom | hon | hoh | hosin | hosin | hom | hoin | hoin | holom | holom | hol | holoh | holosin | holosin | holom | holoin | holoin | holig | holog | holoi | holou | holosi | holosi | holob | holoig | holoig | hugen | hogan | hugian | howan | howasan | howasan | hoqan | hoqagan | hoqagan | hugaun | hogaun | hoiaun | howaun | howasin | howasin | hoqaun | howain | howain | houm | houm | houb | houh | houb | houb | houm | houb | houb | huga | hoga | hoia | howa | hosia | hosia | hoqa | hoiga | hoiga | hugaun | hogaun | hoiaun | howaun | howasin | howasin | hoqaun | howain | howain | humig | humeg | humei | humeu | humesi | humesi | humeb | humeig | humeig | hufig | hufeg | hufei | hufeu | hufesi | hufesi | hufeb | hufeig | hufeig | hocomin | hocom | hocob | hocohul | hocobil | hocobil | hocomun | hocobil | hocobil | hug | hog | hoi | hu | hosi | hosi | hob | hoig | hoig | hugin | hogan | hon | howon | hosin | hosin | hoqon | hogin | hogin | homin | hom | hob | hohul | hobil | hobil | homun | hobil | hobil |
| come | suffix | oc | u | ugina | ogona | ona | owona | osina | osina | oqona | ogina | ogina | uga | oga | oia | owa | osia | osia | oqa | oiga | oiga | om | om | on | oh | osin | osin | om | oin | oin | olom | olom | ol | oloh | olosin | olosin | olom | oloin | oloin | olig | olog | oloi | olou | olosi | olosi | olob | oloig | oloig | ugen | ogan | ugian | owan | owasan | owasan | oqan | oqagan | oqagan | ugaun | ogaun | oiaun | owaun | owasin | owasin | oqaun | owain | owain | oum | oum | oub | ouh | oub | oub | oum | oub | oub | uga | oga | oia | owa | osia | osia | oqa | oiga | oiga | ugaun | ogaun | oiaun | owaun | owasin | owasin | oqaun | owain | owain | umig | umeg | umei | umeu | umesi | umesi | umeb | umeig | umeig | ufig | ufeg | ufei | ufeu | ufesi | ufesi | ufeb | ufeig | ufeig | ocomin | ocom | ocob | ocohul | ocobil | ocobil | ocomun | ocobil | ocobil | ug | og | oi | u | osi | osi | ob | oig | oig | ugin | ogan | on | owon | osin | osin | oqon | ogin | ogin | omin | om | ob | ohul | obil | obil | omun | obil | obil |
Verbs s table
| gloss | layer | prs 1 sg | prs 1 du | prs 1 pl | prs 2 sg | prs 2 du | prs 2 pl | prs 3 sg | prs 3 du | prs 3 pl | today_pst 1 sg | today_pst 1 du | today_pst 1 pl | today_pst 2 sg | today_pst 2 du | today_pst 2 pl | today_pst 3 sg | today_pst 3 du | today_pst 3 pl | yesterday_pst 1 sg | yesterday_pst 1 du | yesterday_pst 1 pl | yesterday_pst 2 sg | yesterday_pst 2 du | yesterday_pst 2 pl | yesterday_pst 3 sg | yesterday_pst 3 du | yesterday_pst 3 pl | hab_pst 1 sg | hab_pst 1 du | hab_pst 1 pl | hab_pst 2 sg | hab_pst 2 du | hab_pst 2 pl | hab_pst 3 sg | hab_pst 3 du | hab_pst 3 pl | fut 1 sg | fut 1 du | fut 1 pl | fut 2 sg | fut 2 du | fut 2 pl | fut 3 sg | fut 3 du | fut 3 pl | neg fut 1 sg | neg fut 1 du | neg fut 1 pl | neg fut 2 sg | neg fut 2 du | neg fut 2 pl | neg fut 3 sg | neg fut 3 du | neg fut 3 pl | pfv 1 sg | pfv 1 du | pfv 1 pl | pfv 2 sg | pfv 2 du | pfv 2 pl | pfv 3 sg | pfv 3 du | pfv 3 pl | ipfv 1 sg | ipfv 1 du | ipfv 1 pl | ipfv 2 sg | ipfv 2 du | ipfv 2 pl | ipfv 3 sg | ipfv 3 du | ipfv 3 pl | ipfv switch ref 1 sg | ipfv switch ref 1 du | ipfv switch ref 1 pl | ipfv switch ref 2 sg | ipfv switch ref 2 du | ipfv switch ref 2 pl | ipfv switch ref 3 sg | ipfv switch ref 3 du | ipfv switch ref 3 pl | remote_pst 1 sg | remote_pst 1 du | remote_pst 1 pl | remote_pst 2 sg | remote_pst 2 du | remote_pst 2 pl | remote_pst 3 sg | remote_pst 3 du | remote_pst 3 pl | neg pst 1 sg | neg pst 1 du | neg pst 1 pl | neg pst 2 sg | neg pst 2 du | neg pst 2 pl | neg pst 3 sg | neg pst 3 du | neg pst 3 pl | pfv switch ref 1 sg | pfv switch ref 1 du | pfv switch ref 1 pl | pfv switch ref 2 sg | pfv switch ref 2 du | pfv switch ref 2 pl | pfv switch ref 3 sg | pfv switch ref 3 du | pfv switch ref 3 pl | ipfv switch ref irr 1 sg | ipfv switch ref irr 1 du | ipfv switch ref irr 1 pl | ipfv switch ref irr 2 sg | ipfv switch ref irr 2 du | ipfv switch ref irr 2 pl | ipfv switch ref irr 3 sg | ipfv switch ref irr 3 du | ipfv switch ref irr 3 pl | contra_factual 1 sg | contra_factual 1 du | contra_factual 1 pl | contra_factual 2 sg | contra_factual 2 du | contra_factual 2 pl | contra_factual 3 sg | contra_factual 3 du | contra_factual 3 pl |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| see | lexeme | figina | fowona | fogona | fagana | fesina | fegina | fena | fesina | fegina | figa | fowa | foqa | faga | fesina | feiga | fena | fesina | feiga | figan | fowan | foqan | fagan | fesinan | feigan | fenan | fesinan | feigan | folig | folou | folob | folog | folosi | foloig | foloi | folosi | foloig | figen | fewan | feqan | fegana | fowasan | foqagan | figian | fowasan | foqagan | figaun | fowaun | foqaun | fagaun | fowasin | fowain | feiaun | fowasin | fowain | fimig | fimeu | fimeb | fimeg | fimesi | fimeig | fimei | fimesi | fimeig | fifig | fifi | fefeb | fefeg | fefesi | fefeig | fefei | fefesi | fefeig | fifigin | fofowon | fofoqon | fefegan | fefesin | fefeigin | fefen | fefesin | fefeigin | feem | foh | fom | feem | fesin | fein | fen | fesin | fein | felem | foloh | folom | felem | felesin | felein | fel | felesin | felein | fecemin | fecohul | fecomun | fecem | fecebil | fecebil | feceb | fecebil | fecebil | fefemin | fofohul | fofomun | fefem | fefebil | fefebil | fefeb | fefebil | fefebil | foum | fouh | foum | foum | foub | foub | foub | foub | foub |
| see | stem vowel | figina | fowona | fogona | fagana | fesina | fegina | fena | fesina | fegina | figa | fowa | foqa | faga | fesina | feiga | fena | fesina | feiga | figan | fowan | foqan | fagan | fesinan | feigan | fenan | fesinan | feigan | folig | folou | folob | folog | folosi | foloig | foloi | folosi | foloig | figen | fewan | feqan | fegana | fowasan | foqagan | figian | fowasan | foqagan | figaun | fowaun | foqaun | fagaun | fowasin | fowain | feiaun | fowasin | fowain | fimig | fimeu | fimeb | fimeg | fimesi | fimeig | fimei | fimesi | fimeig | fifig | fifi | fefeb | fefeg | fefesi | fefeig | fefei | fefesi | fefeig | fifigin | fofowon | fofoqon | fefegan | fefesin | fefeigin | fefen | fefesin | fefeigin | feem | foh | fom | feem | fesin | fein | fen | fesin | fein | felem | foloh | folom | felem | felesin | felein | fel | felesin | felein | fecemin | fecohul | fecomun | fecem | fecebil | fecebil | feceb | fecebil | fecebil | fefemin | fofohul | fofomun | fefem | fefebil | fefebil | fefeb | fefebil | fefebil | foum | fouh | foum | foum | foub | foub | foub | foub | foub |
Verbs s o table
| gloss | layer | 1 sg | 2 sg | 3 sg | 1 du | 2 du | 3 du | 1 pl | 2 pl | 3 pl |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| he is cutting | lexeme | qetitina | qetihina | qetudina | qetilina | qetaleina | qetaleina | qetigina | qetadeina | qetadeina |
| he is cutting | suffix 1 | it | ih | ud | il | ale | ale | ig | ade | ade |
| he is cutting | suffix 2 | ina | ina | ina | ina | ina | ina | ina | ina | ina |
Amele notes
Verbs
Verbs fall into two inflection classes (infinitive in -oc or -ec), which are essentially lexically specified, although there may be some phonological predictability based on the verb stem. The -ec type is the default, and is found with most verbs (Roberts 1996: 19).
Phonology/Symbols
- /c/ = glottal stop
- /q/ = bilabial implosive
References
Roberts, John R. 1987. Amele. (Croom Helm Descriptive Grammars.) London: Croom Helm.
Roberts, John R. 1996. A Government and Binding analysis of the verb in Amele. Language and Linguistics in Melanesia 27. 1-66.