Atsugewi
Verbs 1961 table
| gloss | layer | prs hab 1 sg | prs hab 2 sg | prs hab 3 sg | prs hab 1 du | prs hab 1 pl | prs hab 2 pl | prs hab 3 pl | prs 1 sg | prs 2 sg | prs 3 sg | prs 1 du | prs 1 pl | prs 2 pl | prs 3 pl | fut 1 sg | fut 2 sg | fut 3 sg | fut 1 du | fut 1 pl | fut 2 du | fut 2 pl | fut 3 pl | pst 1 sg | pst 2 sg | pst 3 sg | pst 1 du | pst 1 pl | pst 2 du | pst 2 pl | pst 3 pl |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| class_I | lexeme | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| class_I | prefix | s | m | zero | mohja-te-yáw | mohja-te-yáw | zero | mohja | s | zero | zero | zero | zero | mohja | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | s | mi | zero | zero | mohja | mohja-je | mohja-je | mohja-twaʔ-waywa | |
| class_I | suffix | a-mi-je | mi-ti-neʔe | a | aw-mi | aw-mi | áw-mi-te-yaw | ʔ-aywa | a | e-neʔe | e-nyeː | e-nye-hay | e-nye-yaw | e-wmehe | e-nyi | en-ise | en-neʔe | en-yeheː | en-e-hay | en-e-yaw | en-je-yaw-e | en-waʔ-waywa | a | a | a | hay | aw-e | aw-e | aw-e | aywa | |
| class_II | lexeme | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| class_II | prefix | s | I | zero | mohja-te-yáw | mohja-te-yáw | zero | mohja | s | zero | zero | zero | zero | mohja-mi-je-yaw-e | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | s | mi | zero | zero | mohja | mi-je | mi-je | zero | |
| class_II | suffix | mi-je | mi-ti-neʔe | a | aw | aw | áw-mi-te-yaw | ʔ-aywa | a | mehe | mi-teheː | hay-mi-tʔe-hay | aw-mi-tʔe-yaw | e | áw-mi-twaʔ-waywa | si-jen-sehe | si-jen-neʔe | si-jen-yehe | en-i-e-hay | en-i-e-yaw | jen-mi-je-yaw | jen-waʔ-waywa | mi-je | a | mitméː | hay | aw-e | aw-mi-je-yaw | aw-mi-je-yaw | aywa | |
| class_III | lexeme | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| class_III | prefix | s | m | zero | zero | zero | mi | mohja | s | zero | zero | zero | zero | je | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | mi | zero | zero | zero | mi | mi-X-aw | zero | |
| class_III | suffix | aʔma | aʔma | a | hay-aʔma | aw-aʔma | aw-aʔma | ʔ-aywa | mi-je-heː | mi-je | mi-tʔe | hay-mi-tʔe-hay | aw-mi-tʔe-yaw | aw | en-waʔ-waywa | en-ise | en-memi | en-yeheː | en-e-hay | en-e-aw | mohja-en-mi-je-yaw | en-waʔ-waywa | wəkswíːweː | zero | zero | hay-mi-tʔe-hay | aw-mi-tʔe-yaw | e-hay | aw | aywa | |
| class_IV | lexeme | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| class_IV | prefix | s | m | zero | zero | zero | zero | mohja | s | n | zero | zero | zero | n | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | s | mi | wíːə | zero | mi-je | #not given | #not given | zero | |
| class_IV | suffix | a-mi-je | mi-ti-neʔe | a | hay-mi-te-hay | aw-mi-te-aw | áw-mi-te-yaw | ʔ-aywa | a-mi-je | a-mi-ijjə-neʔe | a-mi-tʔe | hay-mi-tʔe-hay | aw-mi-tʔe-yaw | a-mi-itə-neʔe | aywa-waʔ-aywa | en-i-sehé | en-i-memi | en-i-yéː | en-i-e-hay | en-i-e-yaw | en-i-je-e | en-waʔ-waywa | a | zero | zero | hay | aw-e | #not given | #not given | a-teheː | |
| class_V | lexeme | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| class_V | prefix | s | m | zero | mohja-te-yáw | mohja-te-yáw | zero | mohja | s | zero | zero | zero | zero | mohja-mi-je-yaw-e | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | s | n | zero | zero | zero | je | mohja-mi-je-aw | zero | |
| class_V | suffix | a-mi-je | mi-ti-neʔe | a | aw | aw | áw-mi-te-yaw | ʔ-aywa | a | qʔ-mehe | mi-tʔe | hay-mi-tʔe-hay | aw-mi-tʔe-yaw | e | aywa-mi-waʔ-waywa | mihin-ise | mihin-neʔe | mihin-yeheː | mihin-e-hay | min-e-yaw | min-mi-yaw-e | min-waʔ-waywa | a | a | a | ahay | aw | ahay | aw | aywa | |
| class_VI | lexeme | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| class_VI | prefix | s | m | zero | zero | zero | mi | mohja | s | n | zero | zero | zero | n | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | kwaqšij-eːš | n | kwaqšij-the | kwaqšij-tʔe | kwaqšij-tʔe | n | n | kwaqšij-tʔe | |
| class_VI | suffix | aʔma | aʔma | a | hay-aʔma | aw-aʔma | aw-aʔma | ʔ-aywa | a-mi-je | a-mi-ijjə-neʔe | a-mi-tʔe | hay-mi-tʔe-hay | aw-mi-tʔe-yaw | a-mi-itə-neʔe | s-mi-teheː | en-i-si | en-i-niʔi | en-i-ʔixe | en-i-e-hay | en-i-e-yaw | en-i-je-aw | eʔ-jen-waʔ-waywa | əmí | a-mi-ijjə-neʔe | əmí | hay | yaw-aw | a-mi-itə-neʔe | a-mi-itə-neʔe | əmí | |
| class_VII | lexeme | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| class_VII | prefix | s | zero | zero | zero | zero | je | zero | s | zero | zero | zero | zero | je | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | s | ti | zero | zero | zero | je | je | zero | |
| class_VII | suffix | əmje | mi-te-he | a | hay-mi-theha-hay | aw-mi-theha-yaw | aw-aʔma | mi-teheː | əmje | mi-te-he | mi-tʔe | hay-mi-theha-hay | aw-mi-theha-yaw | aw | mi-teheː | en-ise | en-neʔe | en-yeheː | en-e-hay | en-e-yaw | en-je-yaw-e | en-waʔ-waywa | a | a | a | a-mi-theha-hay | a-mi-theha-aw | hay-e | aw-e | aw-a |
Verbs 1984 table
| gloss | layer | prs 1 sg | prs 2 sg | prs 3 sg | prs 1 du | prs 1 pl | prs 2 pl | prs 3 pl | fut 1 sg | fut 2 sg | fut 3 sg | fut 1 du | fut 1 pl | fut 2 pl | fut 3 pl | pst 1 sg | pst 2 sg | pst 3 sg | pst 1 du | pst 1 pl | pst 2 pl | pst 3 pl |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| class_I go | lexeme | spuʔmamije | (mohja)puʔmewmehe | puʔmeniseː | puʔmemehe | puʔmenyeː | puʔmenyehay | puʔmenwaʔwaywa | spuʔuma | (mohja)puʔmahay | (mohja)puʔmaw | (mohjatwəʔwaywa)puʔmaywa | ||||||||||
| class_II chop | lexeme | swoʔkatmije | woːkətmiteheː | woːkətawmiteːyaw | woːkətawmitwawaywa | yokətsijenyeheː | yokətjenmijeːyaw | yokətjenmijeːyaw | yokətjenwaʔwaywa | mokətmitmeː | wohkətawmiteːyaw | mijʔyokətawmijeːyaw | wohkətaywa | |||||||||
| class_III run [kill] | lexeme | [spwəhneːmijehe] | rukimiːje | rukimiteʔe | jurukijaw | ruʔkijeʔniseruʔkijeʔnise | ruʔkijenːmemi | ruʔkijenːyehe | ruʔkijenːeyaw | mohjaruʔkijenːmijeyaw | (mohja)ruʔkijenwaʔwaywa | rukiwəkswíːweː | urukijmiyatəmeː | urukij | urukijawmiteːyaw | urukijaywa | ||||||
| class_IV sleep | lexeme | swijwamiːje | wijmawmitʔeyaw | wijmaywatwaʔwaywa | ijmeːnisehe | ijmeːnineʔe | ijmeːniyeː | ijmeːniyeːyaw | ijmeːnijʔjeyawe | ijmeːniwaʔwaywa | swijma | wiːəwij | wijmahay | wijma | weːjmoːmaʔteheː | |||||||
| class_V swim | lexeme | swapsjawmijeː | wapsjawqʔmehe | wapsjawmiteːhe | wapsjawawmitʔeyaw | (mohjanijeːyawe)yapsjawe | wapsjawaywamitwaʔwaywa | wapsjoːmihiniseː | wapsjoːmihinʔeː | wapsjoːmihinyeheː | wapsjomihineːhay | wapsjomihineːyaw | wapsjomihinwaʔwaywa | |||||||||
| class_VII fish | lexeme | swleymeːmijehe | wleymeːmithe | wleymeːhaymithehahay | wleymeː mitehe | |||||||||||||||||
| class_I go | prefix | s | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | s | mi | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero |
| class_II chop | prefix | s | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | s | mi | zero | zero | zero | mi-je | zero |
| class_III run [kill] | prefix | s | zero | zero | zero | zero | je | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | mi | zero | zero | zero | mi | zero |
| class_IV sleep | prefix | s | n | zero | zero | zero | n | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | s | mi | wíːə | zero | mi-je | zero | zero |
| class_V swim | prefix | s | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | s | n | zero | zero | zero | mi-je-aw | zero |
| class_VII fish | prefix | s | zero | zero | zero | zero | je | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | s | ti | zero | zero | zero | je | zero |
| class_I go | suffix | a-mi-je | e-neʔe | e-nyeː | e-nye-hay | e-nye-yaw | e-wmehe | e-nyi | en-ise | en-neʔe | en-yeheː | en-e-hay | en-e-yaw | en-je-yaw-e | en-waʔ-waywa | a | a | a | hay | aw-e | aw-e | aywa |
| class_II chop | suffix | a-mi-je | mehe | mi-teheː | hay-mi-tʔe-hay | aw-mi-tʔe-yaw | aw-mi-teː-yaw | aw-mi-twaʔ-waywa | si-jen-sehe | si-jen-neʔe | si-jen-yehe | en-i-e-hay | en-i-e-yaw | jen-mi-je-yaw | jen-waʔ-waywa | mi-je | a | mitméː | hay | aw-e | aw-mi-je-yaw | aywa |
| class_III run [kill] | suffix | mi-je-heː | mi-je | mi-tʔe | hay-mi-tʔe-hay | aw-mi-tʔe-yaw | aw | en-waʔ-waywa | en-ise | en-memi | en-yeheː | en-e-hay | en-e-aw | mohja-en-mi-je-yaw | en-waʔ-waywa | wəkswíːweː | zero | zero | hay-mi-tʔe-hay | aw-mi-tʔe-yaw | aw | aywa |
| class_IV sleep | suffix | a-mi-je | a-mi-ijjə-neʔe | a-mi-tʔe | hay-mi-tʔe-hay | aw-mi-tʔe-yaw | a-mi-itə-neʔe | aywa-waʔ-aywa | en-i-sehé | en-i-memi | en-i-yéː | en-i-e-hay | en-i-e-yaw | en-i-je-e | en-waʔ-waywa | a | zero | zero | hay | aw-e | a | a-teheː |
| class_V swim | suffix | a-mi-je | qʔ-mehe | mi-teheː | hay-mi-tʔe-hay | aw-mi-tʔe-yaw | e | aywa-mi-waʔ-waywa | mihin-ise | mihin-neʔe | mihin-yeheː | mihin-e-hay | min-e-yaw | min-mi-yaw-e | min-waʔ-waywa | a | a | a | ahay | aw | aw | aywa |
| class_VII fish | suffix | mi-je-he | mi-te-he | mi-tʔe | hay-mi-theha-hay | aw-mi-theha-yaw | aw | mi-teheː | en-ise | en-neʔe | en-yeheː | en-e-hay | en-e-yaw | en-je-yaw-e | en-waʔ-waywa | a | a | a | a-mi-theha-hay | a-mi-theha-aw | aw-e | aw-a |
Atsugewi notes
- The data here are presented in two versions, one based on Olmsted (1961), and labelled '1961', the other a refinement of that based on Olmsted (1984), labelled '1984'.
- Olmsted (1961) is a very detailed description of the inflectional affixes (subject person-number and tense), highly intriguing but unfortunately presented in a way that makes its interpretation difficult and uncertain. Individual morphemes are presented, keyed to their respective inflection classes, but the actual word forms are not given, nor even paradigms of affixes; instead, in a later section of the paper possible morpheme combinations are presented in terms of 'sequence limitation charts', essentially flow charts of possible morpheme combinations. However, these charts fail to account for some of the morpheme combinations explicitly described in the earlier section (e.g. class III prs hab mohja-STEM-ʔ-aywa or 1sg fut STEM-en-ise), and so are of limited use. The dataset here shows the forms as given in the main presentation, omitting the partially described class VIII, which is represented only by one verb.
- Olmsted's dictionary (1984) contains partial paradigms of several
verbs, with their inflection class identified. There are a number of
deviations from what is described by Olmsted . The '1984' dataset
represents a reworking of the '1961' system to better correspond
to the actual verb paradigms. The primary adjustments are:
- Some allomorphs have been transposed from one inflection class to another.
- The prefixed plural-marking element mohja- is sometimes lacking where Olmsted (1961) says it should be present, and sometimes present where Olmsted (1961) does not mention it. Presumably it has a different status from the other formatives (proclitic?). Therefore we have omitted it from the analysis, along with any other elements which appear to be suffixed to it. (It is however shown in the 'lexeme' row as given in the dictionary.)
- Present habitual forms are largely absent from the dictionary, and so are not included.
- No 2nd person dual forms are found in the dictionary, and so are not included.
- According to Olmsted (1961), what he labels class VI is largely identical to class IV, but for its past tense used either the (apparently periphrastic) perfect forms (1st and 3rd person) or the present forms (2nd person) are used. We construe it here as a variant of class IV, as it is not clear whether its behaviour in the past is morphologically conditioned, or perhaps has some semantic basis.
-
Verbs also display stem (root) alternations, e.g. the class IV verb 'sleep' (Olmsted 1961: 63):
- ijm hortative, all future, first and second persons past in singular and plural only
- weːj third plural past
- weːjw second and third singular present actual
- wij third singular past
- wijm all present habitual, third plural present actual, first dual past
- weːjmoːm third plural past
- weːjm first and second plural present actual, elsewhere
These were to have been discussed in a follow-up article that never appeared, so unfortunately have not been analyzed here.
Additional comments
- The grapheme /j/ represents an affricate consisting of a palatalized apico-alveolar stop plus a palatalized alveo-palatal spirant (Olmsted 1958).
- The forms that Olmsted (1961) terms 'present actual' are simply called 'present' in the database.
- The affixation of the hortative is the same for all verbs (si-, s- or š-, depending on the stem-initial segment) and is not included in the database.
References
Olmsted, David L. 1958. Atsugewi Phonology. International Journal of American Linguistics 24. 215-220.
Olmsted, David L. 1961. Atsugewi Morphology I: Verb Inflection. International Journal of American Linguistics 27,2. 91-113.
Olmsted, David L. 1984. A lexicon of Atsugewi. (Survey of California and Other Indian Languages 5).