Basque
Nouns table
| gloss | layer | stem phonology | abs indef | erg indef | dat indef | gen indef | com indef | ins indef | loc indef | abs sg def | erg sg def | dat sg def | gen sg def | com sg def | ins sg def | loc sg def | abs pl def | erg pl def | dat pl def | gen pl def | com pl def | ins pl def | loc pl def | abs pl prox | erg pl prox | dat pl prox | gen pl prox | com pl prox | ins pl prox | loc pl prox |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| beach | lexeme | a-final | hondartza | hondartzak | hondartzari | hondartzaren | hondartzarekin | hondartzaz | hondartzatan | hondartza | hondartzak | hondartzari | hondartzaren | hondartzarekin | hondartzaz | hondartzan | hondartzak | hondartzek | hondartzei | hondartzen | hondartzekin | hondartzez | hondartzetan | hondartzok | hondartzok | hondartzoi | hondartzon | hondartzokin | hondartzoz | hondartzotan |
| beach | suffix | a-final | zero | k | ri | ren | rekin | z | tan | a | ak | ari | aren | arekin | az | an | ak | ek | ei | en | ekin | ez | etan | ok | ok | oi | on | okin | oz | otan |
| beach | stem | a-final | #V-stem | #V-stem | #V-stem | #V-stem | #V-stem | #V-stem | #V-stem | #C-stem | #C-stem | #C-stem | #C-stem | #C-stem | #C-stem | #C-stem | #C-stem | #C-stem | #C-stem | #C-stem | #C-stem | #C-stem | #C-stem | #C-stem | #C-stem | #C-stem | #C-stem | #C-stem | #C-stem | #C-stem |
| place | lexeme | V-final, not a | leku | lekuk | lekuri | lekuren | lekurekin | lekuz | lekutan | lekua | lekuak | lekuari | lekuaren | lekuarekin | lekuaz | lekuan | lekuak | lekuek | lekuei | lekuen | lekuekin | lekuez | lekuetan | lekuok | lekuok | lekuoi | lekuon | lekuokin | lekuoz | lekuotan |
| place | suffix | V-final, not a | zero | k | ri | ren | rekin | z | tan | a | ak | ari | aren | arekin | az | an | ak | ek | ei | en | ekin | ez | etan | ok | ok | oi | on | okin | oz | otan |
| place | stem | V-final, not a | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem |
| skin | lexeme | C-final | azal | azalek | azali | azalen | azalekin | azalez | azaletan | azala | azalak | azalari | azalaren | azalarekin | azalaz | azalean | azalak | azalek | azalei | azalen | azalekin | azalez | azaletan | azalok | azalok | azaloi | azalon | azalokin | azaloz | azalotan |
| skin | suffix | C-final | zero | ek | i | en | ekin | ez | etan | a | ak | ari | aren | arekin | az | ean | ak | ek | ei | en | ekin | ez | etan | ok | ok | oi | on | okin | oz | otan |
| skin | stem | C-final | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem |
Pronominals table
| gloss | layer | abs sg | erg sg | dat sg | gen sg | com sg | ins sg | loc sg | abs pl | erg pl | dat pl | gen pl | com pl | ins pl | loc pl |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| this | lexeme | hau | honek | honi | honen | honekin | honez | honetan | hauek | hauek | hauei | hauen | hauekin | hauez | hauetan |
| this | suffix | zero | ek | i | en | ekin | ez | etan | ek | ek | ei | en | ekin | ez | etan |
| this | stem | #V-stem | #C-stem | #C-stem | #C-stem | #C-stem | #C-stem | #C-stem | #V-stem | #V-stem | #V-stem | #V-stem | #V-stem | #V-stem | #V-stem |
| you | lexeme | zu | zuk | zuri | zure | zurekin | zutaz | zuregan | zuek | zuek | zuei | zuen | zuekin | zuetaz | zuengan |
| you | suffix | zero | k | i | en | ekin | taz | gan | ek | ek | ei | en | ekin | taz | gan |
| you | stem | #V-stem | #V-stem | #C-stem | #C-stem | #C-stem | #V-stem | #gen-stem | #V-stem | #V-stem | #V-stem | #V-stem | #V-stem | #V-stem | #gen-stem |
Basque notes
- Nominal paradigms given here are a representative extract of a much larger case paradigm, but which is sufficient to illustrate suffix allomorphy and stem alternations (e.g. the locative stands in for a number of other local cases, while the benefactive is based on the genitive).
- Basque uses group inflection in noun phrases, so that only the final element takes the case suffixes.
- The local cases of animate nouns are associated with an additional suffix -gan-, that intervenes between stem and case suffix. This element is independent of noun morphology as such, because it is even assigned in instances of group inflection where the noun is not the final element, e.g. allative singular mutil lodiaren-gan-a 'to the fat boy', where mutil is the noun 'boy' (Hualde et al. 2003: 177).
- Verbal inflection, though complex, is largely periphrasitic, and thus consistent across the lexicon.
References
Hualde, Jose Ignacio and Jon Oritz de Urbin (eds). 2003. A grammar of Basque. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter.