Cherokee
Verbs intrans table
| gloss | layer | 1 sg | 2 sg | 3 sg | 1 pl exc | 1 pl inc | 2 pl | 3 pl | 1 du exc | 1 du inc | 2 du |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| set_a_1 | lexeme | ||||||||||
| set_a_1 | stem | ||||||||||
| set_a_1 | prefix | ji / k | hi | a | oojii | iitii | iijii | anii | oostii | iinii | stii |
| set_a_2 | lexeme | ||||||||||
| set_a_2 | stem | ||||||||||
| set_a_2 | prefix | ji / k | hi | ka | oojii | iitii | iijii | anii | oostii | iinii | stii |
| set_b | lexeme | ||||||||||
| set_b | stem | ||||||||||
| set_b | prefix | aki / akw | ja | uu / uw | ookinii | kinii | iijii | uunii | ookinii | kinii | stii |
| talk | lexeme | jiwóoniha | kawóoniha | ||||||||
| talk | stem | #prc | #prc | ||||||||
| talk | prefix | ji / k | hi | ka | oojii | iitii | iijii | anii | oostii | iinii | stii |
| walk | lexeme | káaʔi | háaʔi | áaʔi | iìtáaʔi | ||||||
| walk | stem | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | ||||||
| walk | prefix | ji / k | hi | a | oojii | iitii | iijii | anii | oostii | iinii | stii |
| be_hungry | lexeme | aàkiyoósi | |||||||||
| be_hungry | stem | #prc | |||||||||
| be_hungry | prefix | aki | ja | uu / uw | ookinii | kinii | iijii | uunii | ookinii | kinii | stii |
Verbs trans table
| gloss | layer | 1 sg > 2 sg prc | 1 sg > 2 pl prc | 1 sg > 2 du prc | 1 sg > 3 anim prc | 1 sg > 3 inan prc | 1 pl exc > 2 sg prc | 1 pl exc > 2 pl prc | 1 pl exc > 2 du prc | 1 pl exc > 3 anim prc | 1 pl exc > 3 inan prc | 1 pl inc > 3 anim prc | 1 pl inc > 3 inan prc | 1 du exc > 2 sg prc | 1 du exc > 2 pl prc | 1 du exc > 2 du prc | 1 du exc > 3 anim prc | 1 du exc > 3 inan prc | 1 du inc > 3 anim prc | 1 du inc > 3 inan prc | 2 sg > 1 sg prc | 2 sg > 1 pl exc prc | 2 sg > 1 du exc prc | 2 sg > 3 anim prc | 2 sg > 3 inan prc | 2 pl > 1 sg prc | 2 pl > 1 pl exc prc | 2 pl > 1 du exc prc | 2 pl > 3 anim prc | 2 pl > 3 inan prc | 2 du > 1 sg prc | 2 du > 1 pl exc prc | 2 du > 1 du exc prc | 2 du > 3 anim prc | 2 du > 3 inan prc | 3 sg > 1 sg prc | 3 sg > 1 pl exc prc | 3 sg > 1 pl inc prc | 3 sg > 1 du exc prc | 3 sg > 1 du inc prc | 3 sg > 2 sg prc | 3 sg > 2 pl prc | 3 sg > 2 du prc | 3 sg > 3 anim prc | 3 sg > 3 inan prc | 3 sg > 3 higher prc | 3 pl > 1 sg prc | 3 pl > 1 exc pl prc | 3 pl > 1 inc pl prc | 3 pl > 1 exc du prc | 3 pl > 1 inc du prc | 3 pl > 2 sg prc | 3 pl > 2 pl prc | 3 pl > 2 du prc | 3 pl > 3 higher prc | 3 pl > 3 anim prc | 3 pl > 3 inan prc | 1 sg > 2 sg compl | 1 sg > 2 pl compl | 1 sg > 2 du compl | 1 sg > 3 anim compl | 1 sg > 3 inan compl | 1 pl exc > 2 sg compl | 1 pl exc > 2 pl compl | 1 pl exc > 2 du compl | 1 pl exc > 3 anim compl | 1 pl exc > 3 inan compl | 1 pl inc > 3 anim compl | 1 pl inc > 3 inan compl | 1 du exc > 2 sg compl | 1 du exc > 2 pl compl | 1 du exc> 2 du compl | 1 du exc > 3 anim compl | 1 du exc > 3 inan compl | 1 du inc > 3 anim compl | 1 du inc > 3 inan compl | 2 sg > 1 sg compl | 2 sg > 1 pl exc compl | 2 sg > 1 du exc compl | 2 sg > 3 anim compl | 2 sg > 3 inan compl | 2 pl > 1 sg compl | 2 pl > 1 pl exc compl | 2 pl > 1 du exc compl | 2 pl > 3 anim compl | 2 pl > 3 inan compl | 2 du > 1 sg compl | 2 du > 1 pl exc compl | 2 du > 1 du exc compl | 2 du > 3 anim compl | 2 du > 3 inan compl | 3 sg > 1 sg compl | 3 sg > 1 pl exc compl | 3 sg > 1 pl inc compl | 3 sg > 1 du exc compl | 3 sg > 1 du inc compl | 3 sg > 2 sg compl | 3 sg > 2 pl compl | 3 sg > 2 du compl | 3 sg > 3 anim compl | 3 sg > 3 inan compl | 3 sg > 3 higher compl | 3 pl > 1 sg compl | 3 pl > 1 exc pl compl | 3 pl > 1 inc pl compl | 3 pl > 1 exc du compl | 3 pl > 1 inc du compl | 3 pl > 2 sg compl | 3 pl > 2 pl compl | 3 pl > 2 du compl | 3 pl > 3 higher compl | 3 pl > 3 anim compl | 3 pl > 3 inan compl |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| class_1_a | lexeme | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| class_1_a | stem | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl |
| class_1_a | prefix | kvv / kvvy | iijvv / iijvvy | iistvv / iistvvy | jii / jiiy | ji / k | iijvv / iijvvy | iijvv / iijvvy | iijvv / iijvvy | oojii | oojii | eetii | iitii | iistvv / iistvvy | iijvv / iijvvy | iistvv / iistvvy | oostii | oostii | eenii | iinii | ski / skw | iiskii / iiskiiy | iiskinii / iiskin | hii / hiiy | hi | iiskii / iiskiiy | iiskii / iiskiiy | iiskii / iiskiiy | eejii | iijii | iiskinii / iiskin | iiskii / iiskiiy | iiskinii / iiskin | eestii | stii | aki / akw | ookii | iikii | ookinii | kinii | ja | iijii | stii | a | a | uu / uw | kvvki / kvvkw | kookii | keekii | kookinii | keekinii | keeja | keejii | keestii | uunii | anii | anii | kvv / kvvy | iijvv / iijvvy | iistvv / iistvvy | jii / jiiy | aki / akw | iijvv / iijvvy | iijvv / iijvvy | iijvv / iijvvy | oojii | ookii | eetii | iikii | iistvv / iistvvy | iistvv / iistvvy | iistvv / iistvvy | oostii | ookinii | eenii | kinii | ski / skw | iiskii / iiskiiy | iiskii / iiskiiy | hii / hiiy | ja | iiskii / iiskiiy | iiskii / iiskiiy | iiskii / iiskiiy | eejii | iijii | iiskinii / iiskin | iiskii / iiskiiy | iiskii / iiskiiy | eestii | stii | aki / akw | ookii | iikii | ookinii | kinii | ja | iijii | stii | a | uu / uw | uu / uw | kvvki / kvvkw | kookii | keekii | kookinii | keekinii | keeja | keejii | keestii | uunii | anii | uunii |
| class_1_b | lexeme | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| class_1_b | stem | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl |
| class_1_b | prefix | kvv / kvvy | iijvv / iijvvy | iistvv / iistvvy | jii / jiiy | ji / k | iijvv / iijvvy | iijvv / iijvvy | iijvv / iijvvy | oojii | oojii | eetii | iitii | iistvv / iistvvy | iijvv / iijvvy | iistvv / iistvvy | oostii | oostii | eenii | iinii | ski / skw | iiskii / iiskiiy | iiskinii / iiskin | hii / hiiy | hi | iiskii / iiskiiy | iiskii / iiskiiy | iiskii / iiskiiy | eejii | iijii | iiskinii / iiskin | iiskii / iiskiiy | iiskinii / iiskin | eestii | stii | aki / akw | ookii | iikii | ookinii | kinii | ja | iijii | stii | ka | ka | uu / uw | kvvki / kvvkw | kookii | keekii | kookinii | keekinii | keeja | keejii | keestii | uunii | anii | anii | kvv / kvvy | iijvv / iijvvy | iistvv / iistvvy | jii / jiiy | aki / akw | iijvv / iijvvy | iijvv / iijvvy | iijvv / iijvvy | oojii | ookii | eetii | iikii | iistvv / iistvvy | iistvv / iistvvy | iistvv / iistvvy | oostii | ookinii | eenii | kinii | ski / skw | iiskii / iiskiiy | iiskii / iiskiiy | hii / hiiy | ja | iiskii / iiskiiy | iiskii / iiskiiy | iiskii / iiskiiy | eejii | iijii | iiskinii / iiskin | iiskii / iiskiiy | iiskii / iiskiiy | eestii | stii | aki / akw | ookii | iikii | ookinii | kinii | ja | iijii | stii | ka | uu / uw | uu / uw | kvvki / kvvkw | kookii | keekii | kookinii | keekinii | keeja | keejii | keestii | uunii | anii | uunii |
| class_2_a | lexeme | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| class_2_a | stem | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl |
| class_2_a | prefix | kvv / kvvy | iijvv / iijvvy | iistvv / iistvvy | jii / jiiy | aki / akw | iijvv / iijvvy | iijvv / iijvvy | iijvv / iijvvy | oojii | ookii | eetii | iikii | iistvv / iistvvy | iijvv / iijvvy | iistvv / iistvvy | oostii | ookinii | eenii | kinii | ski / skw | iiskii / iiskiiy | iiskinii / iiskin | hii / hiiy | ja | iiskii / iiskiiy | iiskii / iiskiiy | iiskii / iiskiiy | eejii | iijii | iiskinii / iiskin | iiskii / iiskiiy | iiskinii / iiskin | eestii | stii | aki / akw | ookii | iikii | ookinii | kinii | ja | iijii | stii | a | uu / uw | uu / uw | kvvki / kvvkw | kookii | keekii | kookinii | keekinii | keeja | keejii | keestii | uunii | anii | uunii | kvv / kvvy | iijvv / iijvvy | iistvv / iistvvy | jii / jiiy | aki / akw | iijvv / iijvvy | iijvv / iijvvy | iijvv / iijvvy | oojii | ookii | eetii | iikii | iistvv / iistvvy | iistvv / iistvvy | iistvv / iistvvy | oostii | ookinii | eenii | kinii | ski / skw | iiskii / iiskiiy | iiskinii / iiskin | hii / hiiy | ja | iiskii / iiskiiy | iiskii / iiskiiy | iiskii / iiskiiy | eejii | iijii | iiskinii / iiskin | iiskii / iiskiiy | iiskinii / iiskin | eestii | stii | aki / akw | ookii | iikii | ookinii | kinii | ja | iijii | stii | a | uu / uw | uu / uw | kvvki / kvvkw | kookii | keekii | kookinii | keekinii | keeja | keejii | keestii | uunii | anii | uunii |
| class_2_b | lexeme | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| class_2_b | stem | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl |
| class_2_b | prefix | kvv / kvvy | iijvv / iijvvy | iistvv / iistvvy | jii / jiiy | aki / akw | iijvv / iijvvy | iijvv / iijvvy | iijvv / iijvvy | oojii | ookii | eetii | iikii | iistvv / iistvvy | iijvv / iijvvy | iistvv / iistvvy | oostii | ookinii | eenii | kinii | ski / skw | iiskii / iiskiiy | iiskinii / iiskin | hii / hiiy | ja | iiskii / iiskiiy | iiskii / iiskiiy | iiskii / iiskiiy | eejii | iijii | iiskinii / iiskin | iiskii / iiskiiy | iiskinii / iiskin | eestii | stii | aki / akw | ookii | iikii | ookinii | kinii | ja | iijii | stii | ka | uu / uw | uu / uw | kvvki / kvvkw | kookii | keekii | kookinii | keekinii | keeja | keejii | keestii | uunii | anii | uunii | kvv / kvvy | iijvv / iijvvy | iistvv / iistvvy | jii / jiiy | aki / akw | iijvv / iijvvy | iijvv / iijvvy | iijvv / iijvvy | oojii | ookii | eetii | iikii | iistvv / iistvvy | iistvv / iistvvy | iistvv / iistvvy | oostii | ookinii | eenii | kinii | ski / skw | iiskii / iiskiiy | iiskinii / iiskin | hii / hiiy | ja | iiskii / iiskiiy | iiskii / iiskiiy | iiskii / iiskiiy | eejii | iijii | iiskinii / iiskin | iiskii / iiskiiy | iiskinii / iiskin | eestii | stii | aki / akw | ookii | iikii | ookinii | kinii | ja | iijii | stii | ka | uu / uw | uu / uw | kvvki / kvvkw | kookii | keekii | kookinii | keekinii | keeja | keejii | keestii | uunii | anii | uunii |
| wait_for | lexeme | kvvkaàthiíyakvvkaàthiíya | iìjvvkaàthiyaiìjvvkaàthiya | iistvvkaàthiíyaiistvvkaàthiíya | iìjvvkaàthiya | iìjvvkaàthiyaiìjvvkaàthiya | iìjvvkaàthiyaiìjvvkaàthiya | iistvvkaàthiíyaiistvvkaàthiíya | iìjvvkaàthiyaiìjvvkaàthiya | iistvvkaàthiíyaiistvvkaàthiíya | skikaàthiíyaskikaàthiíya | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| wait_for | stem | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl |
| wait_for | prefix | kvv / kvvy | iijvv / iijvvy | iistvv / iistvvy | jii / jiiy | iijvv / iijvvy | iijvv / iijvvy | iijvv / iijvvy | oojii | ookii | eetii | iikii | iistvv / iistvvy | iijvv / iijvvy | iistvv / iistvvy | oostii | ookinii | eenii | ski / skw | iiskii / iiskiiy | iiskinii / iiskin | hii / hiiy | iiskii / iiskiiy | iiskii / iiskiiy | iiskii / iiskiiy | eejii | iijii | iiskinii / iiskin | iiskii / iiskiiy | iiskinii / iiskin | eestii | stii | aki / akw | ookii | iikii | ookinii | kinii | ja | iijii | stii | uu / uw | kvvki / kvvkw | kookii | keekii | kookinii | keekinii | keeja | keejii | keestii | uunii | anii | kvv / kvvy | iijvv / iijvvy | iistvv / iistvvy | jii / jiiy | aki / akw | iijvv / iijvvy | iijvv / iijvvy | iijvv / iijvvy | oojii | ookii | eetii | iikii | iistvv / iistvvy | iistvv / iistvvy | iistvv / iistvvy | oostii | ookinii | eenii | kinii | ski / skw | iiskii / iiskiiy | hii / hiiy | ja | iiskii / iiskiiy | iiskii / iiskiiy | iiskii / iiskiiy | eejii | iijii | iiskinii / iiskin | iiskii / iiskiiy | eestii | stii | aki / akw | ookii | iikii | ookinii | kinii | ja | iijii | stii | uu / uw | uu / uw | kvvki / kvvkw | kookii | keekii | kookinii | keekinii | keeja | keejii | keestii | uunii | anii | uunii | |||||||||
| feed | lexeme | kéehla | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| feed | stem | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl |
| feed | prefix | kvv / kvvy | iijvv / iijvvy | iistvv / iistvvy | jii / jiiy | iijvv / iijvvy | iijvv / iijvvy | iijvv / iijvvy | oojii | ookii | eetii | iikii | iistvv / iistvvy | iijvv / iijvvy | iistvv / iistvvy | oostii | ookinii | eenii | ski / skw | iiskii / iiskiiy | iiskinii / iiskin | hii / hiiy | iiskii / iiskiiy | iiskii / iiskiiy | iiskii / iiskiiy | eejii | iijii | iiskinii / iiskin | iiskii / iiskiiy | iiskinii / iiskin | eestii | stii | aki / akw | ookii | iikii | ookinii | kinii | ja | iijii | stii | uu / uw | kvvki / kvvkw | kookii | keekii | kookinii | keekinii | keeja | keejii | keestii | uunii | anii | kvv / kvvy | iijvv / iijvvy | iistvv / iistvvy | jii / jiiy | aki / akw | iijvv / iijvvy | iijvv / iijvvy | iijvv / iijvvy | oojii | ookii | eetii | iikii | iistvv / iistvvy | iistvv / iistvvy | iistvv / iistvvy | oostii | ookinii | eenii | kinii | ski / skw | iiskii / iiskiiy | hii / hiiy | ja | iiskii / iiskiiy | iiskii / iiskiiy | iiskii / iiskiiy | eejii | iijii | iiskinii / iiskin | iiskii / iiskiiy | eestii | stii | aki / akw | ookii | iikii | ookinii | kinii | ja | iijii | stii | uu / uw | uu / uw | kvvki / kvvkw | kookii | keekii | kookinii | keekinii | keeja | keejii | keestii | uunii | anii | uunii | |||||||||
| finish | jiìskwati | hiskwati | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| finish | stem | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #prc | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl | #compl |
| finish | prefix | kvv / kvvy | iijvv / iijvvy | iistvv / iistvvy | jii / jiiy | ji / k | iijvv / iijvvy | iijvv / iijvvy | iijvv / iijvvy | oojii | oojii | eetii | iitii | iistvv / iistvvy | iijvv / iijvvy | iistvv / iistvvy | oostii | oostii | eenii | iinii | ski / skw | iiskii / iiskiiy | iiskinii / iiskin | hii / hiiy | hi | iiskii / iiskiiy | iiskii / iiskiiy | iiskii / iiskiiy | eejii | iijii | iiskinii / iiskin | iiskii / iiskiiy | iiskinii / iiskin | eestii | stii | aki / akw | ookii | iikii | ookinii | kinii | ja | iijii | stii | a | a | uu / uw | kvvki / kvvkw | kookii | keekii | kookinii | keekinii | keeja | keejii | keestii | uunii | anii | anii | kvv / kvvy | iijvv / iijvvy | iistvv / iistvvy | jii / jiiy | aki / akw | iijvv / iijvvy | iijvv / iijvvy | iijvv / iijvvy | oojii | ookii | eetii | iikii | iistvv / iistvvy | iistvv / iistvvy | iistvv / iistvvy | oostii | ookinii | eenii | kinii | ski / skw | iiskii / iiskiiy | iiskii / iiskiiy | hii / hiiy | ja | iiskii / iiskiiy | iiskii / iiskiiy | iiskii / iiskiiy | eejii | iijii | iiskinii / iiskin | iiskii / iiskiiy | iiskii / iiskiiy | eestii | stii | aki / akw | ookii | iikii | ookinii | kinii | ja | iijii | stii | a | uu / uw | uu / uw | kvvki / kvvkw | kookii | keekii | kookinii | keekinii | keeja | keejii | keestii | uunii | anii | uunii |
Cherokee notes
The dataset is based on the analysis of Oklahoma Cherokee presented in Montgomery-Anderson (2008). We have concentrated in particular on the set A and set B pronominal prefixes, discussed in chapter 4. We start with intransitive verbs. For the purposes of these notes there is an important distinction between Completive aspect and the other aspects (which we will refer to collectively as Non-Completive).
Intransitive verbs
Intransitive verbs can choose from either of the following sets of pronominal prefixes: set A or set B (Montgomery-Anderson 2008: 168):
| singular | plural | dual | |
| first inclusive | ji-/k- | iitii- | iinii- |
| first exclusive | oojii- | oostii- | |
| second | hi- | iijii- | stii- |
| third | a-, ka- | anii- | -- |
| set A pronominal prefixes | |||
Montgomery-Anderson states that ji-/k- (in the first singular) is a predictable alternation (1), whereas a-/ka- (in the third singular) is not (2).
- first person singular: k- is used before a vowel and ji- before non-vowels.
- third person singular:
- ka- is used before /o/, /u/ or /v/
- ka- or a- may be used before /a/ or /e/
The third person also lacks a dual form (Montgomery-Anderson 2008: 163). This appears to be a matter of dual-plural syncretism, rather than defectiveness, as examples are given where the plural is used when two individuals are referred to (p. 164). In the dataset we have omitted third dual from any combination, rather than including extra columns to reflect the syncretism. Homophony can also occur between the first singular and third singular, when third person ka- is truncated to k- before an a-initial stem. Montgomery-Anderson (2008: 179) argues that this does not occur that often, because laryngeal alternation leads to changes.
The set B prefixes are as follows (Montgomery-Anderson 2008: 183):
| singular | plural | dual | |
| first inclusive | aki-/akw- | iikii- | kinii- |
| first exclusive | ookii- | ookinii- | |
| second | ja- | iijii- | stii- |
| third | uu-/uw- | uunii- | -- |
| set B pronominal prefixes | |||
Note that the second person plural and dual are identical with the set A prefixes.
The first person singular aki- is used before consonants, and akw- is used before vowels (Montgomery-Anderson 2008: 185). The prefix uw- is used before the vowels /e/, /o/ and /u/ (p. 186).
Citing Scancarelli (1987), Montgomery-Anderson notes that set A prefixes predominate in the intransitive verbs, in a ratio of about 2:1. There are semantic tendencies: the majority of intransitive verbs with set B prefixes denote, body functions, states, or positions.
Transitive verbs
Both set A and set B prefixes can be used for transitives. The following generalizations are important:
- Transitive verbs with inanimate objects can take either set A or set B prefixes
- Transitive verbs with animate objects have a special set of prefixes based on set A
- For the Completive paradigm where the object is inanimate, set B prefixes are used, even if the verb uses set A otherwise (p. 190).
- Where objects are first or second person with third person plural subject a special set of pronominal marking is used (based on set B with the element kee- added, p 191)
- For combinations where the subject and object are first or second person, there is a special set of prefixes where the choice is determined by the number of the object and subject (one set where both A and O are singular; another set where the A and/or the O is dual, but neither are plural; another set where the A and/or the O is plural)
- Set B also has an inverse function in that it can signal that the subject is not the expected one from the perspective of animacy
The latter bullet point and associated discussion has been interpreted as meaning that if the object is a speech act participant, and the subject third person, set B prefixes will be used (inverse marking).
Montgomery-Anderson (2008: 190) states that most set B verbs are intransitives, that where they are transitive the prefix indicates a combination where a third person inanimate object is involved, and that where animate objects are involved set A must be used (see first and second bullet points). Given that set B verbs are in the minority among the intransitives (see previous section) and there are very few among the transitives, we can infer that they constitute a much smaller group. From the perspective of morphological complexity we could infer the existence of the following classes for transitive verbs:
- Class 1: take set A prefixes and the associated combined pronominal
paradigm, except for
- Completive
- Inverse marking
- Class 2: take set B prefixes and the associated combined pronominal
paradigm,, except for
- Combinations with animate objects
Basically, there appear to be two classes of transitive verbs (abstracting away from the morphophonemics). Furthermore, the stem layer is crucially important for distinguishing class 1 from class 2. If we look at the following three tables, we see the following generalization about the prefix and stem layers:
Prefix layer
- Class 1 (Non-Completive) ≠ Class 1 (Completive)
- Class 1 (Non-Completive) ≠ Class 2 (Non-Completive)
- Class 1 (Non-Completive) ≠ Class 2 (Completive)
- Class 1 (Completive) = Class 2 (Non-Completive) = Class 2 (Completive)
Prefix and Stem layers combined
- Class 1 (Non-Completive) ≠ Class 1 (Completive)
- Class 1 (Non-Completive) ≠ Class 2 (Non-Completive)
- Class 1 (Non-Completive) ≠ Class 2 (Completive)
- Class 1 (Completive) ≠ Class 2 (Non-Completive) [stem contrast]
- Class 2 (Non-Completive) ≠ Class 2 (Completive) [stem contrast]
If we include some of the morphonological alternations, we get subdivisions within these classes. There is also an assumption here that a typical Cherokee verb belonging to one of these classes can in principle occur with any morphosyntactic combination, except those where speech act participants overlap, either partially or completely.
| Subject | |||||||||||
| Object | 1 sg | 2 sg | 3 sg | 1 exc pl | 1 inc pl | 2 pl | 3 pl | 1 exc du | 1 inc du | 2 du | 3 du |
| 1 sg | ski-/ skw- |
aki-/ akw- |
iiskii-/ iiskiiy- |
kvvki-/ kvvkw- |
iiskinii-/ iiskin- |
kvvki-/ kvvkw- |
|||||
| 2 sg | kvv-/ kvvy- |
ja- | iijvv-/ iijvvy |
keeja- | iistvv-/ iistvvy- |
keeja- | |||||
| 1 exc pl | iiskii-/ iiskiiy- |
ookii- | iiskii-/ iiskiiy- |
kookii- | iiskii-/ iiskiiy- |
kookii- | |||||
| 1 inc pl | iikii- | keekii- | keekii- | ||||||||
| 2 pl | iijvv-/ iijvvy |
iijii- | iijvv-/ iijvvy |
keejii- | iijvv-/ iijvvy |
keejii- | |||||
| 1 exc du | iiskinii-/ iiskin- |
ookinii- | iiskii-/ iiskiiy- |
kookinii- | iiskinii-/ iiskin- |
kookinii- | |||||
| 1 inc du | kinii- | keekinii- | keekinii- | ||||||||
| 2 du | iistvv-/ iistvvy- |
stii- | iijvv-/ iijvvy |
keestii- | iistvv-/ iistvvy- |
keestii- | |||||
| 3 inan | ji-/k- | hi- | a-, ka- | oojii- | iitii- | iijii- | anii- | oostii- | iinii- | stii- | anii- |
| 3 anim | jii-/jiiy- | hii-/hiiy- | a-, ka- | oojii- | eetii- | eejii- | anii- | oostii- | eenii- | eestii- | anii- |
| Class 1 Non-Completive Paradigm | |||||||||||
Note that the table does not include here a value for 3 sg > 3 higher or 3 pl > 3 higher, where higher means that the animacy of the object is higher than the subject. In such cases we would expect the set B markers uu / uw and uunii.
The other paradigms differ from this only for 3rd person objects:
| Subject | |||||||||||
| Object | 1 sg | 2 sg | 3 sg | 1 exc pl | 1 inc pl | 2 pl | 3 pl | 1 exc du | 1 inc du | 2 du | 3 du |
| 3 inan | aki-/akw- | ja- | uu-, uw- | ookii- | iikii- | iijii- | uunii- | ookinii- | kinii- | stii- | uunii- |
| 3 anim | jii-/jiiy- | hii-/hiiy- | a-, ka- | oojii- | eetii- | eejii- | anii- | oostii- | eenii- | eestii- | anii- |
| Class 1 Completive, Class 2 (Non-Completive & Completive) | |||||||||||
References
Montgomery-Anderson, Brad. 2008. A Reference Grammar of Oklahoma Cherokee. PhD thesis, University of Kansas.
Scancarelli, Janine. 1987. Grammatical relations and verb agreement in Cherokee. PhD thesis, University of California, Los Angeles.