Ingush
Nouns table
| layer | gloss | nom sg | gen sg | dat sg | erg sg | all sg | ins sg | lat sg | csn sg | nom pl | gen pl | dat pl | erg pl | all pl | ins pl | lat pl | csn pl |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| lexeme | axe | dig | dogara | dogaraa | dogaruo | dogaraga | dogaraca | dogaragh | dogaral | dogarazh | |||||||
| stem vowel | axe | #A | #B | #B | #B | #B | #B | #B | #B | #B | |||||||
| suffix 1 | axe | zero | ar | ar | ar | ar | ar | ar | ar | ar | ar | ar | ar | ar | ar | ar | ar |
| suffix 2 | axe | zero | a | aa | uo | ga | ca | gh | l | zh | ii | zhta | zh | zhka | zhca | egh | el |
| lexeme | beak | zwok | zwokara | zwokaraa | zwokaruo | zwokaraga | zwokaraca | zwokaragh | zwokaral | zwokarch | |||||||
| stem vowel | beak | #A | #A | #A | #A | #A | #A | #A | #A | #A | #A | #A | #A | #A | #A | #A | #A |
| suffix 1 | beak | zero | ar | ar | ar | ar | ar | ar | ar | arch | arch | arch | arch | arch | arch | arch | arch |
| suffix 2 | beak | zero | a | aa | uo | ga | ca | gh | l | ch | ii | zhta | zh | zhka | zhca | egh | el |
| lexeme | child | ber | biera | bieraa | bieraz | bieraga | bieraca | bieragh | bieral | bierazh | bierii | bierazhta | bierazh | bierazhka | bierazhca | bieregh | bierel |
| stem vowel | child | #A | #B | #B | #B | #B | #B | #B | #B | #B | #B | #B | #B | #B | #B | #B | #B |
| suffix 1 | child | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero |
| suffix 2 | child | zero | a | aa | z | ga | ca | gh | l | zh | ii | zhta | zh | zhka | zhca | egh | el |
| lexeme | corner | sa | sean | seana | seanuo | seanaga | seanaca | seanagh | seanal | seanazh | |||||||
| stem extension | corner | #A | #B | #B | #B | #B | #B | #B | #B | #B | #B | #B | #B | #B | #B | #B | #B |
| stem vowel | corner | zero | n | n | n | n | n | n | n | n | n | n | n | n | n | n | n |
| suffix 2 | corner | zero | zero | na | uo | ga | ca | gh | l | zh | ii | zhta | zh | zhka | zhca | egh | el |
| lexeme | dog | zhwalii | zhwalie | zhwaliena | zhwalez | zhwaliega | zhwalieca | zhwalegh | zhwalel | zhwalezh | zhwalii | zhwalezhta | zhwalezh | zhwalezhka | zhwalezhca | zhwalegh | zhwalel |
| stem vowel | dog | #A | #A | #A | #A | #A | #A | #A | #A | #A | #A | #A | #A | #A | #A | #A | #A |
| suffix 1 | dog | ii | ie | ie | e | ie | ie | e | e | e | e | e | e | e | e | e | e |
| suffix 2 | dog | zero | zero | na | z | ga | ca | gh | l | zh | ii | zhta | zh | zhka | zhca | egh | el |
| lexeme | friend | dottagh | dottaghchyn | dottaghchynna | dottaghchuo | dottaghchynga | dottaghchynca | dottaghchogh | dottaghchul | dottaghii | dottaghii | dottaghazhta | dottaghazh | dottaghazhka | dottaghazhca | dottaghegh | dottaghel |
| stem vowel | friend | #A | #A | #A | #A | #A | #A | #A | #A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A |
| suffix 1 | friend | zero | chyn | chyn | chu | chyn | chyn | chu | chu | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero |
| suffix 2 | friend | zero | zero | na | uo | ga | ca | gh | l | ii | ii | zhta | zh | zhka | zhca | egh | el |
| lexeme | ground | leatta | leattan | leattaa | leattuo | leattaaga | leattaaca | leattaagh | leattaal | leattaazh | leattaai | leattaazhta | leattaazh | leattaazhka | leattaazhca | leattaajegh | leattaajel |
| stem vowel | ground | #A | #A | #A | #A | #A | #A | #A | #A | #A | #A | #A | #A | #A | #A | #A | #A |
| suffix 1 | ground | zero | n | zero | zero | aa | aa | aa | aa | aa | aa | aa | aa | aa | aa | aa | aa |
| suffix 2 | ground | zero | zero | aa | uo | ga | ca | gh | l | zh | ii | zhta | zh | zhka | zhca | egh | el |
| lexeme | link | zwy | zwanara | zwanaraa | zwanaruo | zwanaraga | zwanaraca | zwaanaragh | zwanaral | zwanarazh | |||||||
| stem vowel | link | #A | #B | #B | #B | #B | #B | #B | #B | #B | |||||||
| suffix 1 | link | zero | nar | nar | nar | nar | nar | nar | nar | nar | nar | nar | nar | nar | nar | nar | nar |
| suffix 2 | link | zero | a | aa | uo | ga | ca | gh | l | zh | ii | zhta | zh | zhka | zhca | egh | el |
| lexeme | melody | jish | aashara | aasharaa | aasharuo | aasharaga | aasharaca | aasharagh | aasharal | aasharazh | |||||||
| stem vowel | melody | #A | #B | #B | #B | #B | #B | #B | #B | #B | #B | #B | #B | #B | #B | #B | #B |
| suffix 1 | melody | zero | ar | ar | ar | ar | ar | ar | ar | ar | ar | ar | ar | ar | ar | ar | ar |
| suffix 2 | melody | zero | a | aa | uo | ga | ca | gh | l | zh | ii | zhta | zh | zhka | zhca | egh | el |
| lexeme | mullah | molla | mollaa | mollanna | mollaa | mollaaga | mollaaca | mollaagh | mollaal | mollaazh | |||||||
| stem vowel | mullah | #A | #A | #A | #A | #A | #A | #A | #A | #A | #A | #A | #A | #A | #A | #A | #A |
| suffix 1 | mullah | zero | aa | n | aa | aa | aa | aa | aa | aa | aa | aa | aa | aa | aa | aa | aa |
| suffix 2 | mullah | zero | zero | na | zero | ga | ca | gh | l | zh | ii | zhta | zh | zhka | zhca | egh | el |
| lexeme | needle | maaxa | meaxaa | meaxanna | meaxuo | meaxaaga | meaxaaca | meaxaagh | meaxaal | meaxii | meaxazhta | ||||||
| stem vowel | needle | #A | #B | #B | #B | #B | #B | #B | #B | #B | #B | #B | #B | #B | #B | #B | #B |
| suffix 1 | needle | zero | aa | an | zero | aa | aa | aa | aa | aa | aa | aa | aa | aa | aa | aa | aa |
| suffix 2 | needle | zero | zero | na | aa | ga | ca | gh | l | zh | ii | zhta | zh | zhka | zhca | egh | el |
| lexeme | price | max | meaxa | meaxaa | meaxuo | meaxaga | meaxaca | meaxagh | meaxal | meaxazh | meaxazhta | ||||||
| stem vowel | price | #A | #B | #B | #B | #B | #B | #B | #B | #B | #B | #B | #B | #B | #B | #B | #B |
| suffix 1 | price | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero |
| suffix 2 | price | zero | a | aa | uo | ga | ca | gh | l | zh | ii | zhta | zh | zhka | zhca | egh | el |
| lexeme | sister | jisha | jishii | jishiina | jishaz | jishiiga | jishiica | jishegh | jishel | jizharii | |||||||
| stem vowel | sister | #A | #A | #A | #A | #A | #A | #A | #A | stem 3 | |||||||
| suffix 1 | sister | zero | ii | ii | zero | ii | ii | e | e | ar | ar | ar | ar | ar | ar | ar | ar |
| suffix 2 | sister | zero | zero | na | z | ga | ca | gh | l | ii | ii | zhta | zh | zhka | zhca | egh | el |
| lexeme | village | jurt | jurta | jurtaa | jurtuo | jurtaga | jurtaca | jurtagh | jurtal | jurtazh | jurtii | jurtazhta | jurtazh | jurtazhka | jurtazhca | jurtegh | jurtel |
| stem vowel | village | #A | #A | #A | #A | #A | #A | #A | #A | #A | #A | #A | #A | #A | #A | #A | #A |
| suffix 1 | village | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero |
| suffix 2 | village | zero | a | aa | uo | ga | ca | gh | l | zh | ii | zhta | zh | zhka | zhca | egh | el |
| lexeme | one who reads | dieshar | dieshachyn | dieshachynna | dieshachuo | dieshachynga | dieshachynca | dieshachogh | dieshachyl | diesharazh | dieshachaara | dieshachaarna | dieshachaara | dieshachaarga | dieshachaarca | dieshachaaregh | dieshachaarel |
| stem vowel | one who reads | #A | #A | #A | #A | #A | #A | #A | #A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A |
| suffix 1 | one who reads | ar | chyn | chyn | chu | chyn | chyn | chu | chu | ar | chaar | chaar | chaar | chaar | chaar | chaar | chaar |
| suffix 2 | one who reads | zero | zero | na | uo | ga | ca | gh | l | zero | a | na | a | ga | ca | egh | el |
| lexeme | branch | tq'ouruo | tq'ouron | tq'ouruona | tq'ouruonuo | tq'ouronga | tq'ouronca | tq'ouruonagh | tq'ouruonal | tq'ourozh | |||||||
| stem vowel | branch | #A | #A | #A | #A | #A | #A | #A | #A | #A | #A | #A | #A | #A | #A | #A | #A |
| suffix 1 | branch | zero | n | n | n | n | n | n | n | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero |
| suffix 2 | branch | zero | zero | na | uo | ga | ca | gh | l | zh | ii | zhta | zh | zhka | zhca | egh | el |
Verbs table
| gloss | layer | prs | simul cvb | inf | witnessed_pst | anterior cvb |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| beat | lexeme | dett | dettazh | detta | diittar | diittaa |
| beat | stem | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem2 | #stem2 |
| beat | suffix | zero | zh | a | ar | aa |
| drink | lexeme | mol | molazh | mala | mälar | männa |
| drink | stem | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem2 | #stem3 | #stem3 |
| drink | suffix | zero | zh | a | ar | Ca |
| sow | lexeme | duu | duuzh | die | diira | diina |
| sow | stem | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem2 | #stem3 | #stem3 |
| sow | suffix | zero | zh | a | ra | Ca |
Ingush notes
Nouns
- Plural stem formation in principle an independent variable; its correlation with singular class, if any, must be extracted from the dictionary.
- The only real variation in the plural endings is between the three nominative formants -zh (default), -ii (mostly animate of Nichols' classes 1, 3 and 5) and -rch (some animal names).
References
Handel, Zev. 2003. Ingush Inflectional Verb Morphology: A Synchronic Classification and Historical Analysis with Comparison to Chechen, in: Dee Ann Holisky and Kevin Tuite (eds), Current Trends in Caucasian, East European and Inner Asian Linguistics: Papers in honor of Howard I. Aronson, pp. 123--175. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins.
Nichols, Johanna. 2011. Ingush Grammar. (University of California Publications Series.) University of California Press.