Kanum
Verbs transitive table
gloss | layer | sg > 1 sg fut | sg > 2 sg fut | sg > 3 sg m fut | sg > 3 sg f fut | sg > 1 pl fut | sg > 2 pl fut | sg > 3 pl fut | 1 pl > 2 sg fut | 1 pl > 3 sg m fut | 1 pl > 3 sg f fut | 1 pl > 2 pl fut | 1 pl > 3 pl fut | 2 pl > 1 sg fut | 2 pl > 3 sg m fut | 2 pl > 3 sg f fut | 2 pl > 1 pl fut | 2 pl > 3 pl fut | 3 pl > 1 sg fut | 3 pl > 2 sg fut | 3 pl > 3 sg m fut | 3 pl > 3 sg f fut | 3 pl > 1 pl fut | 3 pl > 2 pl fut | 3 pl > 3 pl fut | sg > 1 sg prs | sg > 2 sg prs | sg > 3 sg m prs | sg > 3 sg f prs | sg > 1 pl prs | sg > 2 pl prs | sg > 3 pl prs | 1 pl > 2 sg prs | 1 pl > 3 sg m prs | 1 pl > 3 sg f prs | 1 pl > 2 pl prs | 1 pl > 3 pl prs | 2 pl > 1 sg prs | 2 pl > 3 sg m prs | 2 pl > 3 sg f prs | 2 pl > 1 pl prs | 2 pl > 3 pl prs | 3 pl > 1 sg prs | 3 pl > 2 sg prs | 3 pl > 3 sg m prs | 3 pl > 3 sg f prs | 3 pl > 1 pl prs | 3 pl > 2 pl prs | 3 pl > 3 pl prs | sg > 1 sg t_pst | sg > 2 sg t_pst | sg > 3 sg m t_pst | sg > 3 sg f t_pst | sg > 1 pl t_pst | sg > 3 pl t_pst | 1 pl > 2 sg t_pst | 1 pl > 3 sg m t_pst | 1 pl > 3 sg f t_pst | 1 pl > 2 pl t_pst | 1 pl > 3 pl t_pst | 2 pl > 1 sg t_pst | 2 pl > 3 sg m t_pst | 2 pl > 3 sg f t_pst | 2 pl > 1 pl t_pst | 2 pl > 3 pl t_pst | 3 pl > 1 sg t_pst | 3 pl > 2 sg t_pst | 3 pl > 3 sg m t_pst | 3 pl > 3 sg f t_pst | 3 pl > 1 pl t_pst | 3 pl > 2 pl t_pst | 3 pl > 3 pl t_pst | sg > 1 sg y_pst | sg > 2 sg y_pst | sg > 3 sg m y_pst | sg > 3 sg f y_pst | sg > 1 pl y_pst | sg > 2 pl y_pst | sg > 3 pl y_pst | 1 pl > 2 sg y_pst | 1 pl > 3 sg m y_pst | 1 pl > 3 sg f y_pst | 1 pl > 2 pl y_pst | 1 pl > 3 pl y_pst | 2 pl > 1 sg y_pst | 2 pl > 3 sg m y_pst | 2 pl > 3 sg f y_pst | 2 pl > 1 pl y_pst | 2 pl > 3 pl y_pst | 3 pl > 1 sg y_pst | 3 pl > 2 sg y_pst | 3 pl > 3 sg m y_pst | 3 pl > 3 sg f y_pst | 3 pl > 1 pl y_pst | 3 pl > 2 pl y_pst | 3 pl > 3 pl y_pst |
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laugh at | lexeme | ntamplnt | tamplnt | ntamplntey | sramplntey | samplntey | sramplntey | nampl | ampl | namply | yamply | yamply | yamply | namply | amply | namplns | yamplns | yamplns | yamplns | kwnampl | kwampl | kwnamply | swamply | swamply | swamply | kwnample | kwa-√-e | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
laugh at | prefix | b | nt | sr | ta | nt | s | sr | nt | sr | ta | s | sr | br | sr | ta | nt | sr | br | nt | sr | ta | nt | s | sr | w | n | y | a | n | y | y | n | y | a | y | y | w | y | a | n | y | w | n | y | a | n | y | y | w | n | y | a | n | y | n | y | a | y | y | w | y | a | n | y | w | n | y | a | n | y | y | kww | kwn | sw | kwa | kwn | sw | sw | kwn | sw | kwa | sw | sw | kww | sw | kwa | kwn | sw | kww | kwn | sw | kwa | kwn | sw | sw |
laugh at | suffix | nt | nt | nt | nt | nt | nt | nt | ntey | ntey | ntey | ntey | ntey | ntey | ntey | ntey | ntey | ntey | nteme | nteme | nteme | nteme | nteme | nteme | nteme | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | y | y | y | y | y | e | e | e | e | e | e | e | e | e | e | e | e | y | y | y | y | y | y | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | y | y | y | y | y | y | e | e | e | e | e | e | e | e | e | e | e | e |
sneak up on | lexeme | sneyerknt | beyerknt | nteyerkntey | sreyerkntey | nteyerkntey | sreyerkntey | neyerk | weyerk | neyerky | yeyerky | neyerky | yeyerky | neyerky | weyerky | neyerkns | yeyerkns | yeyerkns | yeyerkns | kwneyerk | kweyerk | kwnerky | sweyerky | sweyerky | sweyerky | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
sneak up on | prefix | b | sn | sr | b | nt | nt | sr | nt | sr | b | nt | sr | br | sr | b | nt | sr | br | nt | sr | b | nt | nt | sr | w | n | y | w | n | y | y | n | y | w | y | y | w | y | w | n | y | w | n | y | w | n | y | y | w | n | y | w | n | y | n | y | w | y | y | w | y | w | n | y | w | n | y | w | n | y | y | kww | kwn | sw | kww | kwn | sw | sw | kwn | sw | kww | sw | sw | kww | sw | kww | kwn | sw | kww | kwn | sw | kww | kwn | sw | sw |
sneak up on | suffix | nt | nt | nt | nt | nt | nt | nt | ntey | ntey | ntey | ntey | ntey | ntey | ntey | ntey | ntey | ntey | nteme | nteme | nteme | nteme | nteme | nteme | nteme | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | y | y | y | y | y | e | e | e | e | e | e | e | e | e | e | e | e | y | y | y | y | y | y | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | y | y | y | y | y | y | e | e | e | e | e | e | e | e | e | e | e | e |
bite | lexeme | ntwrntey | swrnt | nwry | ywr | nwrns | ywry | kwnwry | swwr | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
bite | prefix | b | nt | sr | ta | nt | s | sr | nt | sr | ta | s | sr | br | sr | ta | nt | sr | br | nt | sr | ta | nt | s | sr | w | n | y | a | n | y | y | n | y | a | y | y | w | y | a | n | y | w | n | y | a | n | y | y | w | n | y | a | n | y | n | y | a | y | y | w | y | a | n | y | w | n | y | a | n | y | y | kww | kwn | sw | kww | kwn | sw | sw | kwn | sw | kww | sw | sw | kww | sw | kww | kwn | sw | kww | kwn | sw | kww | kwn | sw | sw |
bite | suffix | nt | nt | nt | nt | nt | nt | nt | ntey | nt | ntey | ntey | ntey | ntey | nt | ntey | ntey | ntey | nteme | nteme | nt | nteme | nteme | nteme | nteme | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | y | zero | y | y | y | e | zero | e | e | e | e | e | zero | e | e | e | e | y | y | y | y | y | y | ns | y | ns | ns | ns | ns | y | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | y | ns | ns | ns | ns | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | y | y | zero | y | y | y | e | zero | e | e | e | e | e | zero | e | e | e | e |
Kanum notes
- For the sake of (relative) simplicity, the remote past forms are not shown here, as they can be derived from the today's past forms. The prefixes are the same, while the suffixes, though different, follow the same paradigmatic patterning (distinguishing singular from plural subject); today's past -y, -ns correspond to the remote past -w, -ay.
- The remarkable feature of the Kanum verb classes is that they differ solely in the distribution of an otherwise common set of affixes. A number of other types are found beyond what is illustrated here; the three verbs represented here are those which Donohue discusses in detail.
- Some verbs are suppletive for number of subject.
References
Donohue, Mark. Forthcoming. Morphological opacity: Rules of referral in Kanum verbs. In Matthew Baerman, Greville Corbett & Dunstan Brown (eds),Understanding and measuring morphological complexity. Oxford: OUP.