Ket
Nominals table
| gloss | layer | sg abs | sg gen | sg abl | sg dat | sg ben | sg ad | sg loc | sg prosec | sg ins | sg carit | sg translat | sg voc | pl abs | pl gen | pl abl | pl dat | pl ben | pl ad | pl loc | pl prosec | pl ins | pl carit | pl translat | pl voc |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| father | lexeme | ōp | óbdà | óbdàŋal | óbdàŋ(a) | óbdàt(a) | óbdàŋt(a) | no sg loc | óbbès | óvàs | óvàn | óvèsaŋ | ovó | óvȁŋ | óvȁŋna | óvȁŋnaŋal | óvȁŋnaŋ(a) | óvȁŋnat(a) | óvȁŋnaŋt(an) | no pl loc | óvȁŋbes | óvȁŋas | óvȁŋan | óvȁŋèsaŋ | ovaŋó |
| father | suffix 1 | zero | da | da | da | da | da | #lacking | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | na | na | na | na | na | #lacking | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero |
| father | suffix 2 | zero | zero | ŋal | ŋ(a) | t(a) | ŋt(a) | #lacking | bes | as | an | esaŋ | o | zero | zero | ŋal | ŋ(a) | t(a) | ŋt(an) | #lacking | besbesbes | as | an | esaŋ | o |
| father | stem | #stem sg | #stem sg | #stem sg | #stem sg | #stem sg | #stem sg | #lacking | #stem sg | #stem sg | #stem sg | #stem sg | #stem sg | #stem pl | #stem pl | #stem pl | #stem pl | #stem pl | #stem pl | #lacking | #stem pl | #stem pl | #stem pl | #stem pl | #stem pl |
| father | tone | even | rise_fall | rise_fall | rise_fall | rise_fall | rise_fall | #lacking | rise_fall | rise_fall | rise_fall | rise_fall | dynamic_stress | rise_highfall | rise_highfall | rise_highfall | rise_highfall | rise_highfall | rise_highfall | #lacking | rise_highfall | rise_highfall | rise_highfall | rise_highfall+fall | dynamic_stress |
| mother | lexeme | ām | āmd(i) | ámdìŋal | ámdìŋ(a) | ámdìt(a) | ámdìŋt(a) | no sg loc | ámbès | ámas | ámàn | ámèsaŋ | amá | ámȁŋ | ámȁŋna | ámȁŋnaŋal | ámȁŋnaŋ(a) | ámȁŋnat(a) | ámȁŋnaŋt(an) | no pl loc | ámȁŋbes | ámȁŋas | ámȁŋan | ámȁŋèsaŋ | ámȁŋə́ |
| mother | suffix 1 | zero | di | di | di | di | di | #lacking | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | na | na | na | na | na | #lacking | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero |
| mother | suffix 2 | zero | zero | ŋal | ŋ(a) | t(a) | ŋt(a) | #lacking | bes | as | an | esaŋ | a | zero | zero | ŋal | ŋ(a) | t(a) | ŋt(an) | #lacking | besbesbes | as | an | esaŋ | ə |
| mother | stem | #stem sg | #stem sg | #stem sg | #stem sg | #stem sg | #stem sg | #lacking | #stem sg | #stem sg | #stem sg | #stem sg | #stem sg | #stem pl | #stem pl | #stem pl | #stem pl | #stem pl | #stem pl | #lacking | #stem pl | #stem pl | #stem pl | #stem pl | #stem pl |
| mother | tone | even | even | rise_fall | rise_fall | rise_fall | rise_fall | #lacking | rise_fall | rise_fall | rise_fall | dynamic_stress | rise_highfall | rise_highfall | rise_highfall | rise_highfall | rise_highfall | rise_highfall | #lacking | rise_highfall | rise_highfall | rise_highfall | rise_highfall+fall | dynamic_stress | |
| sled | lexeme | súùl | súùld(i) | súldìŋal | súldìŋ(a) | súldìt(a) | súldìŋt(a) | súlkà | súlbès | súlàs | súlàn | súlèsaŋ | no sg voc | súlàŋ | súlàŋd(i) | súlàŋdiŋal | súlàŋdiŋ(a) | súlàŋdit(a) | súlàŋdiŋt(a) | súlàŋka | súlàŋbes | súlàŋas | súlàŋan | súlàŋèsaŋ | no pl voc |
| sled | suffix 1 | zero | di | di | di | di | di | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | #lacking | zero | di | di | di | di | di | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | #lacking |
| sled | suffix 2 | zero | zero | ŋal | ŋ(a) | t(a) | ŋt(a) | ka | bes | as | an | esaŋ | #lacking | zero | zero | ŋal | ŋ(a) | t(a) | ŋt(a) | ka | besbesbes | as | an | esaŋ | #lacking |
| sled | stem | #stem sg | #stem sg | #stem sg | #stem sg | #stem sg | #stem sg | #stem sg | #stem sg | #stem sg | #stem sg | #stem sg | #lacking | #stem pl | #stem pl | #stem pl | #stem pl | #stem pl | #stem pl | #stem pl | #stem pl | #stem pl | #stem pl | #stem pl | #lacking |
| sled | tone | rise_fall | rise_fall | rise_fall | rise_fall | rise_fall | rise_fall | rise_fall | rise_fall | rise_fall | rise_fall | rise_fall | #lacking | rise_fall | rise_fall | rise_fall | rise_fall | rise_fall | rise_fall | rise_fall | rise_fall | rise_fall | rise_fall | rise_fall+fall | #lacking |
| 1/we | lexeme | āt | āp | ávàŋal | ávàŋ(a) | ávàt(a) | ávàŋt(a) | no sg loc | ádbès | áɾàs | áɾàn | no sg translat | no sg voc | ə́tǹə́tǹ | ə́tǹna | ə́tǹnaŋal | ə́tǹnaŋ(a) | ə́tǹnat(a) | ə́tǹnaŋt(a) | no pl loc | ə́tǹbes | ə́tǹas | ə́tǹan | no pl translat | no pl voc |
| 1/we | suffix 1 | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | #lacking | zero | zero | zero | #lacking | #lacking | zero | na | na | na | na | na | #lacking | zero | zero | zero | #lacking | #lacking |
| 1/we | suffix 2 | zero | zero | ŋal | ŋ(a) | t(a) | ŋt(a) | #lacking | bes | as | an | #lacking | #lacking | zero | zero | ŋal | ŋ(a) | t(a) | ŋt(a) | #lacking | besbes | as | an | #lacking | #lacking |
| 1/we | stem | #stem 1 | #stem 2 | #stem 2 | #stem 2 | #stem 2 | #stem 2 | #lacking | #stem 1 | #stem 1 | #stem 1 | #lacking | #lacking | #stem pl | #stem pl | #stem pl | #stem pl | #stem pl | #stem pl | #lacking | #stem pl | #stem pl | #stem pl | #lacking | #lacking |
| 1/we | tone | even | even | rise_fall | rise_fall | rise_fall | rise_fall | #lacking | rise_fall | rise_fall | rise_fall | #lacking | #lacking | rise_fall | rise_fall | rise_fall | rise_fall | rise_fall | rise_fall | #lacking | rise_fall | rise_fall | rise_fall | #lacking | #lacking |
| you (sg/pl) | lexeme | ū | ūk | úɣàŋal | úɣàŋ(a) | úɣàt(a) | úɣàŋt(a) | no sg loc | úɣbès | úɣàs | úɣàn | no sg translat | no sg voc | ə́kŋ | ə́kŋna | ə́kŋnaŋal | ə́kŋnaŋ(a) | ə́kŋnat(a) | ə́kŋnaŋt(a) | no pl loc | ə́kŋbes | ə́kŋas | ə́kŋan | no pl translat | no pl voc |
| you (sg/pl) | suffix 1 | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | #lacking | zero | zero | zero | #lacking | #lacking | zero | na | na | na | na | na | #lacking | zero | zero | zero | #lacking | #lacking |
| you (sg/pl) | suffix 2 | zero | zero | ŋal | ŋ(a) | t(a) | ŋt(a) | #lacking | bes | as | an | #lacking | #lacking | zero | zero | ŋal | ŋ(a) | t(a) | ŋt(a) | #lacking | besbes | as | an | #lacking | #lacking |
| you (sg/pl) | stem | #stem 1 | #stem 2 | #stem 2 | #stem 2 | #stem 2 | #stem 2 | #lacking | #stem 2 | #stem 2 | #stem 2 | #lacking | #lacking | #stem pl | #stem pl | #stem pl | #stem pl | #stem pl | #stem pl | #lacking | #stem pl | #stem pl | #stem pl | #lacking | #lacking |
| you (sg/pl) | tone | even | even | rise_fall | rise_fall | rise_fall | rise_fall | #lacking | rise_fall | rise_fall | rise_fall | #lacking | #lacking | rise_fall | rise_fall | rise_fall | rise_fall | rise_fall | rise_fall | #lacking | rise_fall | rise_fall | rise_fall | #lacking | #lacking |
| 3rd person fem | lexeme | bū | (bú)d(i) | (bú)dìŋal | (bú)dìŋ(a) | (bú)dìt(a) | (bú)dìŋt(a) | no sg loc | búbès | búɣàs | búɣàn | no sg translat | no sg voc | būŋ | búŋnà | búŋnàŋal | búŋnàŋ(a) | búŋnàt(a) | búŋnàŋt(a) | no pl loc | búŋbès | búŋàs | búŋàn | no pl translat | no pl voc |
| 3rd person fem | suffix 1 | zero | di | di | di | di | di | #lacking | zero | zero | zero | #lacking | #lacking | zero | na | na | na | na | na | #lacking | zero | zero | zero | #lacking | #lacking |
| 3rd person fem | suffix 2 | zero | zero | ŋal | ŋ(a) | t(a) | ŋt(a) | #lacking | bes | as | an | #lacking | #lacking | zero | zero | ŋal | ŋ(a) | t(a) | ŋt(a) | #lacking | bes | as | an | #lacking | #lacking |
| 3rd person fem | stem | #stem 1 | #stem 2 | #stem 2 | #stem 2 | #stem 2 | #stem 2 | #lacking | #stem 2 | #stem 2 | #stem 2 | #lacking | #lacking | #stem pl | #stem pl | #stem pl | #stem pl | #stem pl | #stem pl | #lacking | #stem pl | #stem pl | #stem pl | #lacking | #lacking |
| 3rd person fem | tone | even | rise_fall | rise_fall | rise_fall | rise_fall | rise_fall | #lacking | rise_fall | rise_fall | rise_fall | #lacking | #lacking | even | rise_fall | rise_fall | rise_fall | rise_fall | rise_fall | #lacking | rise_fall | rise_fall | rise_fall | #lacking | #lacking |
| 3rd person masc | lexeme | bū | (bú)da | (bú)dàŋal | (bú)dàŋ(a) | (bú)dàt(a) | (bú)dàŋt(a) | no sg loc | búbès | búɣàs | búɣàn | no sg translat | no sg voc | būŋ | búŋnà | búŋnàŋal | búŋnàŋ(a) | búŋnàt(a) | búŋnàŋt(a) | no pl loc | búŋbès | búŋàs | búŋàn | no pl translat | no pl voc |
| 3rd person masc | suffix 1 | zero | da | da | da | da | da | #lacking | zero | zero | zero | #lacking | #lacking | zero | na | na | na | na | na | #lacking | zero | zero | zero | #lacking | #lacking |
| 3rd person masc | suffix 2 | zero | zero | ŋal | ŋ(a) | t(a) | ŋt(a) | #lacking | bes | as | an | #lacking | #lacking | zero | zero | ŋal | ŋ(a) | t(a) | ŋt(a) | #lacking | bes | as | an | #lacking | #lacking |
| 3rd person masc | stem | #stem 1 | #stem 2 | #stem 2 | #stem 2 | #stem 2 | #stem 2 | #lacking | #stem 2 | #stem 2 | #stem 2 | #lacking | #lacking | #stem pl | #stem pl | #stem pl | #stem pl | #stem pl | #stem pl | #lacking | #stem pl | #stem pl | #stem pl | #lacking | #lacking |
| 3rd person masc | tone | even | rise_fall | rise_fall | rise_fall | rise_fall | rise_fall | #lacking | rise_fall | rise_fall | rise_fall | #lacking | #lacking | even | rise_fall | rise_fall | rise_fall | rise_fall | rise_fall | #lacking | rise_fall | rise_fall | rise_fall | #lacking | #lacking |
Ket notes
- Sole surviving Yenisean language (Vajda 2004: 1).
- Relevant phonology:
- Although vowel gemination is allophonic, it is represented in Vajda's spelling (Vajda 2004: 5). Vowel gemination is ignored for our classification of stems.
- Word-final devoicing of /d/ and /b/ (Vajda 2004:7)
- The letter v is used to convey [β] which belongs to the non-contrastive set of phones [b/p/β]. Vajda (2004:6) notes that the variants are not predictable on segmental grounds alone, but also involve tonal and other prosodic features. In our dataset we have treated the written alternation between b/p/v as instances of the same stem.
- Ket is a word-tone language (Vajda 2004: 8), with five tonal melodies spreading over the first syllable or first two syllables.
- Tonemes form numerous minimal pairs (Vajda 2004: 8)
- Vajda (2004:22) says that the vocative surpresses lexical tone and has a dynamic stress. Although this is not part of the tone system, we have included dynamic_stress as a value of the tone layer.
- Vajda (2004: 22) says that a noun plus inflection may not always fully merge as phonological word. He notes that, "The influence of pragmatic factors on the phonological relationship between nominal stem and disyllabic case inflection requires further study." For the tone layer, where there is also tone on the inflection we have marked this with a +.
- The pronoun paradigms for the singular and plural in Vajda (2004:30) are given separately. We have grouped I with we and you(sg) with you (plural). The 3rd person AP (animate plural) has been given with both third person masculine singular and third person feminine singular.
- There is also a process of rhotization of /d/ to [ɾ]
- For the first person plural the stem should have a grave over the engma (to indicate rise_fall tone), but it was not possible to input this character.
- The tonal pattern of the third person animate plural form has been assumed to be búŋbès (rise fall), but Vajda (2004: 30) has búŋbes.
- When the singular instrumental inflection is added to a vowel-final stem a ɣ is added (Vajda 2004: 8). We assume that it is still the same inflection --as.
References
Vajda, Edward J. 2004. Ket. (Languages of the World: Materials, 204.) Munich: Lincom.