Latvian
Nouns table
| gloss |
layer |
gender |
sg nom |
sg acc |
sg gen |
sg dat |
sg loc |
pl nom |
pl acc |
pl gen |
pl dat |
pl loc |
| boy |
lexeme |
m |
puika |
puiku |
puikas |
puikam |
puikā |
puikas |
puikas |
puiku |
puikām |
puikās |
| boy |
stem |
m |
#plain |
#plain |
#plain |
#plain |
#plain |
#plain |
#plain |
#plain |
#plain |
#plain |
| boy |
suffix |
m |
a |
u |
as |
am |
ā |
as |
as |
u |
ām |
ās |
| brother |
lexeme |
m |
bralis |
brali |
brāļa |
bralim |
bralī |
brāļi |
brāļus |
brāļu |
brāļiem |
brāļos |
| brother |
stem |
m |
#plain |
#plain |
#pal |
#plain |
#plain |
#pal |
#pal |
#pal |
#pal |
#pal |
| brother |
suffix |
m |
is |
i |
a |
im |
ī |
i |
us |
u |
iem |
os |
| dog |
lexeme |
m |
suns |
suni |
suņi |
sunim |
sunī |
suņi |
suņus |
suņu |
suņiem |
suņos |
| dog |
stem |
m |
#plain |
#plain |
#pal |
#plain |
#plain |
#pal |
#pal |
#pal |
#pal |
#pal |
| dog |
suffix |
m |
s |
i |
a |
im |
ī |
i |
us |
u |
iem |
os |
| father |
lexeme |
m |
tēvs |
tēvu |
tēva |
tēvam |
tēvā |
tēvi |
tēvus |
tēvu |
tēviem |
tēvos |
| father |
stem |
m |
#plain |
#plain |
#plain |
#plain |
#plain |
#plain |
#plain |
#plain |
#plain |
#plain |
| father |
suffix |
m |
s |
u |
a |
am |
ā |
i |
us |
u |
iem |
os |
| guest |
lexeme |
m |
veisis |
veisi |
veisa |
veisim |
veisī |
veisi |
veisus |
veisu |
veisiem |
veisos |
| guest |
stem |
m |
#plain |
#plain |
#plain |
#plain |
#plain |
#plain |
#plain |
#plain |
#plain |
#plain |
| guest |
suffix |
m |
is |
i |
a |
im |
ī |
i |
us |
u |
iem |
os |
| hangman |
lexeme |
m |
bende |
bendi |
bendes |
bendem |
bendē |
bendes |
bendes |
benžu |
bendēm |
bendēs |
| hangman |
stem |
m |
#plain |
#plain |
#plain |
#plain |
#plain |
#plain |
#plain |
#pal |
#plain |
#plain |
| hangman |
suffix |
m |
e |
i |
es |
em |
ē |
es |
es |
u |
ēm |
ēs |
| louse |
lexeme |
f |
uts |
uti |
uts |
utij |
utī |
utis |
utis |
utu |
utīm |
utīs |
| louse |
stem |
f |
#plain |
#plain |
#plain |
#plain |
#plain |
#plain |
#plain |
#plain |
#plain |
#plain |
| louse |
suffix |
f |
s |
i |
s |
ij |
ī |
is |
is |
u |
īm |
īs |
| market |
lexeme |
m |
tirgus |
tirgus |
tirgus |
tirgum |
tirgū |
tirgi |
tirgus |
tirgu |
tirgiem |
tirgos |
| market |
stem |
m |
#plain |
#plain |
#plain |
#plain |
#plain |
#plain |
#plain |
#plain |
#plain |
#plain |
| market |
suffix |
m |
us |
u |
us |
um |
ū |
i |
us |
u |
iem |
os |
| mother |
lexeme |
f |
māte |
māti |
mātes |
mātei |
mātē |
mātes |
mātes |
māšu |
mātēm |
mātēs |
| mother |
stem |
f |
#plain |
#plain |
#plain |
#plain |
#plain |
#plain |
#plain |
#pal |
#plain |
#plain |
| mother |
suffix |
f |
e |
i |
es |
ei |
ē |
es |
es |
u |
ēm |
ēs |
| mouth |
lexeme |
f |
mute |
muti |
mutes |
mutei |
mutē |
mutes |
mutes |
mutu |
mutēm |
mutēs |
| mouth |
stem |
f |
#plain |
#plain |
#plain |
#plain |
#plain |
#plain |
#plain |
#plain |
#plain |
#plain |
| mouth |
suffix |
f |
e |
i |
es |
ei |
ē |
es |
es |
u |
ēm |
ēs |
| night |
lexeme |
f |
nakts |
nakti |
nakts |
naktij |
naktī |
naktis |
naktis |
nakšu |
naktīm |
naktīs |
| night |
stem |
f |
#plain |
#plain |
#plain |
#plain |
#plain |
#plain |
#plain |
#pal |
#plain |
#plain |
| night |
suffix |
f |
s |
i |
s |
ij |
ī |
is |
is |
u |
īm |
īs |
| sister |
lexeme |
f |
māsa |
māsu |
māsas |
māsai |
māsā |
māsas |
māsas |
māsu |
māsām |
māsās |
| sister |
stem |
f |
#plain |
#plain |
#plain |
#plain |
#plain |
#plain |
#plain |
#plain |
#plain |
#plain |
| sister |
suffix |
f |
a |
u |
as |
ai |
ā |
as |
as |
u |
ām |
ās |
| stone |
lexeme |
m |
akmens |
akmeni |
akmens |
akmenim |
akmenī |
akmeņi |
akmeņus |
akmeņus |
akmeņiem |
akmeņos |
| stone |
stem |
m |
#plain |
#plain |
#plain |
#plain |
#plain |
#pal |
#pal |
#pal |
#pal |
#pal |
| stone |
suffix |
m |
s |
i |
s |
im |
ī |
i |
us |
u |
iem |
os |
| war |
lexeme |
m |
karš |
karu |
kara |
am |
karā |
kari |
karus |
karu |
kariem |
karos |
| war |
stem |
m |
#plain |
#plain |
#plain |
#plain |
#plain |
#plain |
#plain |
#plain |
#plain |
#plain |
| war |
suffix |
m |
š |
u |
a |
am |
ā |
i |
us |
u |
iem |
os |
Verbs table
| gloss |
layer |
inf |
prs 1sg |
prs 2sg |
prs 3 |
prs 1pl |
prs 2pl |
pst 1sg |
pst 2sg |
pst 3 |
pst 1pl |
pst 2pl |
fut 1sg |
fut 2sg |
fut 3 |
fut 1pl |
fut 2pl |
| travel |
lexeme |
braukt |
braucu |
brauc |
brauc |
braucam |
braucat |
braucu |
brauci |
brauca |
braucām |
braucāt |
braukšu |
brauksi |
brauks |
brauksim |
brauksiet |
| travel |
stem |
#stem2 |
#stem1 |
#stem1 |
#stem1 |
#stem1 |
#stem1 |
#stem1 |
#stem1 |
#stem1 |
#stem1 |
#stem1 |
#stem2 |
#stem2 |
#stem2 |
#stem2 |
#stem2 |
| travel |
suffix |
t |
u |
zero |
zero |
am |
at |
u |
i |
a |
ām |
āt |
īšu |
īsi |
īs |
īsim |
īsiet |
| beat |
lexeme |
sist |
situ |
sit |
sit |
sitam |
sitat |
situ |
siti |
sita |
sitām |
sitāt |
sitīšu |
sitīsi |
sitīs |
sitīsim |
sitīsiet |
| beat |
stem |
#stem2 |
#stem1 |
#stem1 |
#stem1 |
#stem1 |
#stem1 |
#stem1 |
#stem1 |
#stem1 |
#stem1 |
#stem1 |
#stem1 |
#stem1 |
#stem1 |
#stem1 |
#stem1 |
| beat |
suffix |
t |
u |
zero |
zero |
am |
at |
u |
i |
a |
ām |
āt |
īšu |
īsi |
īs |
īsim |
īsiet |
| begin |
lexeme |
sākt |
sāku |
sāc |
sāk |
sākam |
sākat |
sāku |
sāki |
sāka |
sākām |
sākāt |
sākšu |
sāksi |
sāks |
sāksim |
sāksiet |
| begin |
stem |
#stem1 |
#stem1 |
#stem2 |
#stem1 |
#stem1 |
#stem1 |
#stem1 |
#stem1 |
#stem1 |
#stem1 |
#stem1 |
#stem1 |
#stem1 |
#stem1 |
#stem1 |
#stem1 |
| begin |
suffix |
t |
u |
zero |
zero |
am |
at |
u |
i |
a |
ām |
āt |
šušu |
si |
s |
sim |
siet |
| run away |
lexeme |
bēgt |
bɛ̄gu |
bēg |
bɛ̄gbɛ̄g |
bɛ̄gam |
bɛ̄gat |
bēgu |
bēgi |
bēga |
bēgām |
bēgāt |
bēgšu |
bēgsi |
bēgs |
bēgsim |
bēgsiet |
| run away |
stem |
#stem2 |
#stem1 |
#stem2 |
#stem1 |
#stem1 |
#stem1 |
#stem2 |
#stem2 |
#stem2 |
#stem2 |
#stem2 |
#stem2 |
#stem2 |
#stem2 |
#stem2 |
#stem2 |
| run away |
suffix |
t |
u |
zero |
zero |
am |
at |
u |
i |
a |
ām |
āt |
šušu |
si |
s |
sim |
siet |
| pull |
lexeme |
vilkt |
vɛlku |
velc |
vɛlk |
vɛlkam |
vɛlkat |
vilku |
vilki |
vilka |
vilkām |
vilkāt |
vilkšu |
vilksi |
vilks |
vilksim |
vilksiet |
| pull |
stem |
#stem3 |
#stem1 |
#stem2 |
#stem1 |
#stem1 |
#stem1 |
#stem3 |
#stem3 |
#stem3 |
#stem3 |
#stem3 |
#stem3 |
#stem3 |
#stem3 |
#stem3 |
#stem3 |
| pull |
suffix |
t |
u |
zero |
zero |
am |
at |
u |
i |
a |
ām |
āt |
šušu |
si |
s |
sim |
siet |
| become |
lexeme |
tapt |
topu |
topi |
top |
topam |
topat |
tapu |
tapi |
tapa |
tapām |
tapāt |
tapšu |
tapsi |
taps |
tapsim |
tapsiet |
| become |
stem |
#stem2 |
#stem1 |
#stem1 |
#stem1 |
#stem1 |
#stem1 |
#stem2 |
#stem2 |
#stem2 |
#stem2 |
#stem2 |
#stem2 |
#stem2 |
#stem2 |
#stem2 |
#stem2 |
| become |
suffix |
t |
u |
i |
zero |
am |
at |
u |
i |
a |
ām |
āt |
šu |
si |
s |
sim |
siet |
| touch |
lexeme |
skart |
skaru |
skar |
skar |
skaram |
skarat |
skāru |
skāri |
skāra |
skārām |
skārāt |
skaršu |
skarsi |
skars |
skarsim |
skarsiet |
| touch |
stem |
#stem1 |
#stem1 |
#stem1 |
#stem1 |
#stem1 |
#stem1 |
#stem2 |
#stem2 |
#stem2 |
#stem2 |
#stem2 |
#stem1 |
#stem1 |
#stem1 |
#stem1 |
#stem1 |
| touch |
suffix |
t |
u |
zero |
zero |
am |
at |
u |
i |
a |
ām |
āt |
šu |
si |
s |
sim |
siet |
| jump |
lexeme |
lēkt |
lecu |
lec |
lec |
lecam |
lecat |
lēcu |
lēci |
lēca |
lēcām |
lēcāt |
lēkšu |
lēksi |
lēks |
lēksim |
lēksiet |
| jump |
stem |
#stem3 |
#stem1 |
#stem1 |
#stem1 |
#stem1 |
#stem1 |
#stem2 |
#stem2 |
#stem2 |
#stem2 |
#stem2 |
#stem3 |
#stem3 |
#stem3 |
#stem3 |
#stem3 |
| jump |
suffix |
t |
u |
zero |
zero |
am |
at |
u |
i |
a |
ām |
āt |
šu |
si |
s |
sim |
siet |
| wash |
lexeme |
mazgā |
mazgāju |
mazgā |
mazgā |
mazgājam |
mazgājat |
mazgāju |
mazgāji |
mazgāja |
mazgājām |
mazgājāt |
mazgāšu |
mazgāsi |
mazgās |
mazgāsim |
mazgāsiet |
| wash |
stem |
#stem2 |
#stem1 |
#stem2 |
#stem2 |
#stem1 |
#stem1 |
#stem1 |
#stem1 |
#stem1 |
#stem1 |
#stem1 |
#stem2 |
#stem2 |
#stem2 |
#stem2 |
#stem2 |
| wash |
suffix |
t |
u |
zero |
zero |
am |
at |
u |
i |
a |
ām |
āt |
šu |
si |
s |
sim |
siet |
Latvian notes
Nouns
- Latvian nouns are traditionally divided into six declension classes.
The additonal distinctions here are due to (i) some minor variants
of the suffixes, (ii) variation in stem alternations (plain or
palatalized), and (iii) gender (classes which are normally feminine
have some male human members, which take what are normally masculine
dative singular suffixes).
Verbs
- Except for the 2nd person singular present, suffixes are essentially
identical for all verbs. Inflection class distinctions arise in stem
alternations, which involve vowel length, ablaut, stem-final
consonant alternations, and stem extensions. The parameters of
alternation are:
- present vs. past vs. infinitive; the future is nearly always
derived directly from the infinitive stem (the exception being
dental-final stems whose original stem-final obstruent
historically became a fricative before infinitive
-t; these also take an additional vowel
/ī/ before the future suffixes).
- 2nd person singular present vs. the rest of the present
References
Mathiassen, Terje. 1997. A short grammar of Latvian. Columbus, Ohio:
Slavica.