Lavukaleve
Agreement table
| gloss | layer | 1 sg | 2 sg | 3 sg m | 3 sg f | 3 sg n | 1 du | 2 du | 3 du m | 3 du f | 3 du n | 1 pl | 1incl du | 1incl pl | 2 pl | 3 pl |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| verb subject | prefix 1 | a | ngo | o | o | o | le | mele | lo | lo | lo | e | me | me | me | ma |
| habitual auxiliary subject | prefix 1 | a | ngo | lo | lo | lo | le | mele | lo | lo | lo | le | me | me | me | ma |
| verb object | prefix 2 | nga | ngo | a | o | e | le | mele | a | lo | le | e | me | me | me | vo |
| possessed noun | prefix 1 | nga | ngo | o | o | o | le | mele | lo | lo | lo | e | me | me | me | ma |
| focus marker | suffix | ngai | nu | n | o | fi | el | mil | nal | ol | gel | e | mel | me | mi | v |
| focus marker | lexeme | fongai | finu | fin | feo | zero | foel | fimil | final | feol | figel | foe | fomel | fome | fimi | fiv |
Interrogative table
| gloss | layer | sg m | sg f | sg n | du | pl |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| which | lexeme | roin | roi | roi | roil | roi |
| which | suffix | n | zero | zero | l | zero |
Nouns table
| gloss | layer | stem phonology | sg | pl |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| adze | lexeme | C-final | katil | katimal |
| adze | stem | C-final | #stem1 | #stem2 |
| adze | suffix | C-final | zero | mal |
| bean | lexeme | C-final | bin | binverav |
| bean | stem | C-final | #stem1 | #stem1 |
| bean | suffix | C-final | zero | verav |
| bell | lexeme | V-final | belo | belovil |
| bell | stem | V-final | #stem | #stem |
| bell | suffix | V-final | zero | vil |
| bicolor parrotfish | lexeme | C-final | foforok | foforokaol |
| bicolor parrotfish | stem | C-final | #stem1 | #stem2 |
| bicolor parrotfish | suffix | C-final | zero | ol |
| bone | lexeme | V-final | so'sokio | so'sokiv |
| bone | stem | V-final | #stem1 | #stem2 |
| bone | suffix | V-final | zero | v |
| canoe | lexeme | V-final | gaikoko | gaikokomal |
| canoe | stem | V-final | #stem | #stem |
| canoe | suffix | V-final | zero | mal |
| cave | lexeme | V-final | lea | leal |
| cave | stem | V-final | #stem | #stem |
| cave | suffix | V-final | zero | l |
| chicken | lexeme | V-final | kokoroko | kokorokoev |
| chicken | stem | V-final | #stem1 | #stem2 |
| chicken | suffix | V-final | zero | v |
| collarbone | lexeme | V-final | kala | kalaul |
| collarbone | stem | V-final | #stem | #stem |
| collarbone | suffix | V-final | zero | ul |
| entrance channel | lexeme | V-final | lake | lakev |
| entrance channel | stem | V-final | #stem | #stem |
| entrance channel | suffix | V-final | zero | v |
| eye of greensnail shell | lexeme | V-final | kua | kua |
| eye of greensnail shell | stem | V-final | #stem | #stem |
| eye of greensnail shell | suffix | V-final | zero | zero |
| floor | lexeme | V-final | fu'loa | fu'lovil |
| floor | stem | V-final | #stem | #stem |
| floor | suffix | V-final | zero | vil |
| forehead | lexeme | V-final | hai | hain |
| forehead | stem | V-final | #stem | #stem |
| forehead | suffix | V-final | zero | n |
| interior | suffix | C-final | zero | ul |
| lee side of island | lexeme | C-final | lalog | lalogen |
| lee side of island | stem | C-final | #stem1 | #stem2 |
| lee side of island | suffix | C-final | zero | n |
| moon | lexeme | V-final | kua | kuavil |
| moon | stem | V-final | #stem | #stem |
| moon | suffix | V-final | zero | vil |
| office | lexeme | C-final | ofis | ofisavil |
| office | stem | C-final | #stem1 | #stem2 |
| office | suffix | C-final | zero | vil |
| plantation | lexeme | C-final | planteson | plantesonaul |
| plantation | stem | C-final | #stem1 | #stem2 |
| plantation | suffix | C-final | zero | ul |
| rafter | lexeme | V-final | hoho | hohon |
| rafter | stem | V-final | #stem | #stem |
| rafter | suffix | V-final | zero | n |
| road | lexeme | V-final | lake | lakeav |
| road | stem | V-final | #stem1 | #stem2 |
| road | suffix | V-final | zero | v |
| rumble of thunder | lexeme | V-final | tara | tarakaul |
| rumble of thunder | stem | V-final | #stem1 | #stem2 |
| rumble of thunder | suffix | V-final | zero | ul |
| shoe | lexeme | V-final | buti | butikal |
| shoe | stem | V-final | #stem | #stem |
| shoe | suffix | V-final | zero | kal |
| shoulder | lexeme | C-final | fakas | fakasaul |
| shoulder | stem | C-final | #stem1 | #stem2 |
| shoulder | suffix | C-final | zero | aul |
| stone | lexeme | V-final | beko | bekoul |
| stone | stem | V-final | #stem | #stem |
| stone | suffix | V-final | zero | ul |
| story | lexeme | V-final | ko’mua | ko’muavil |
| story | stem | V-final | #stem | #stem |
| story | suffix | V-final | zero | vil |
| towel | lexeme | C-final | taol | taolkal |
| towel | stem | C-final | #stem1 | #stem1 |
| towel | suffix | C-final | zero | kal |
| truck | lexeme | C-final | ta'rak | ta'rakaul |
| truck | stem | C-final | #stem1 | #stem2 |
| truck | suffix | C-final | zero | ul |
| war | lexeme | V-final | wo | wo |
| war | stem | V-final | #stem | #stem |
| war | suffix | V-final | zero | zero |
| wrinkles on hand | lexeme | V-final | kua | kuaverav |
| wrinkles on hand | stem | V-final | #stem | #stem |
| wrinkles on hand | suffix | V-final | zero | verav |
Verb agreement table
| gloss | layer | 1 sg | 2 sg | 3 sg m | 3 sg f | 3 sg n | 1 du | 2 du | 3 du m | 3 du f | 3 du n | 1 pl | 1incl du | 1incl pl | 2 pl | 3 pl |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| subject | prefix | a | ngo | o | o | o | le | mele | lo | lo | lo | e | me | me | me | ma |
| object | prefix | nga | ngo | a | o | e | le | mele | a | lo | le | e | me | me | me | vo |
| subject | lexeme | |||||||||||||||
| object | lexeme |
Lavukaleve notes
Verb agreement
Subject person is marked in a limited set of TAM paradigms (future, admonitive, abilative, and, rarely, imperfective); in the present, number only is marked. Object marking, however, is obligatory for transitive verbs.
Possessed noun markers are the same as subject prefixes, while the focussed argument marker has the same pattern (though not quite the same forms) as the object prefix.
Nouns
Terrill divides nouns into 10 classes on the basis of their plural endings, with most of these having subclasses based on minor variation in the form of the ending. These variants are plausibly treated as stem alternations (an analysis that Terrill adopts for at least some noun types), which is the approach taken here. For example, in Terrill's analysis the form fasakaul 'shoulders' (singular fasak) has the suffix -aul, which is a variant of -ul. In the analysis here, -ul is attached to a stem augmented with -a. In this way Terrill's classes are maintained, and the subclass variation is attributed to the stem.
Another source of subclassification is the dual suffix, which shows variation which appears to be independent of plural suffixation. This variation includes the use of the same for for the dual as for the singular, alongside a distinct plural form. (And apparently the reverse situation exists as well, though much less frequently.) Unfortunately, it is not possible to construct full paradigms for more than a handful of items.
Interrogative
Terril (2003) treats the interrogative 'which' as a distinct word class. Most other interrogatives behave either as nouns (thus, with no gender agreement) or are uninflected.
References
Terrill, Angela. 2003. A grammar of Lavukaleve. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.