Menya
Verbs table
| gloss | layer | 1 sg prs pfv | 2 sg prs pfv | 3 sg prs pfv | 1 du prs pfv | 2 du prs pfv | 3 du prs pfv | 1 pl prs pfv | 2 pl prs pfv | 3 pl prs pfv | 1 sg prs stative | 2 sg prs stative | 3 sg prs stative | 1 du prs stative | 2 du prs stative | 3 du prs stative | 1 pl prs stative | 2 pl prs stative | 3 pl prs stative | 1 sg prs prog | 2 sg prs prog | 3 sg prs prog | 1 du prs prog | 2 du prs prog | 3 du prs prog | 1 pl prs prog | 2 pl prs prog | 3 pl prs prog | 1 sg nr_pst pfv | 2 sg nr_pst pfv | 3 sg nr_pst pfv | 1 du nr_pst pfv | 2 du nr_pst pfv | 3 du nr_pst pfv | 1 pl nr_pst pfv | 2 pl nr_pst pfv | 3 pl nr_pst pfv | 1 sg nr_pst stative | 2 sg nr_pst stative | 3 sg nr_pst stative | 1 du nr_pst stative | 2 du nr_pst stative | 3 du nr_pst stative | 1 pl nr_pst stative | 2 pl nr_pst stative | 3 pl nr_pst stative | 1 sg nr_pst prog | 2 sg nr_pst prog | 3 sg nr_pst prog | 1 du nr_pst prog | 2 du nr_pst prog | 3 du nr_pst prog | 1 pl nr_pst prog | 2 pl nr_pst prog | 3 pl nr_pst prog | 1 sg pst pfv | 2 sg pst pfv | 3 sg pst pfv | 1 du pst pfv | 2 du pst pfv | 3 du pst pfv | 1 pl pst pfv | 2 pl pst pfv | 3 pl pst pfv | 1 sg rem_pst pfv | 2 sg rem_pst pfv | 3 sg rem_pst pfv | 1 du rem_pst pfv | 2 du rem_pst pfv | 3 du rem_pst pfv | 1 pl rem_pst pfv | 2 pl rem_pst pfv | 3 pl rem_pst pfv | 1 sg rem_pst impfv | 2 sg rem_pst impfv | 3 sg rem_pst impfv | 1 du rem_pst impfv | 2 du rem_pst impfv | 3 du rem_pst impfv | 1 pl rem_pst impfv | 2 pl rem_pst impfv | 3 pl rem_pst impfv | 1 sg hort | 2 sg hort | 3 sg hort | 1 du hort | 2 du hort | 3 du hort | 1 pl hort | 2 pl hort | 3 pl hort | 1 sg abilitative | 2 sg abilitative | 3 sg abilitative | 1 du abilitative | 2 du abilitative | 3 du abilitative | 1 pl abilitative | 2 pl abilitative | 3 pl abilitative | 1 sg intentive | 2 sg intentive | 3 sg intentive | 1 du intentive | 2 du intentive | 3 du intentive | 1 pl intentive | 2 pl intentive | 3 pl intentive | 1 sg obligative | 2 sg obligative | 3 sg obligative | 1 du obligative | 2 du obligative | 3 du obligative | 1 pl obligative | 2 pl obligative | 3 pl obligative | 1 sg fut | 2 sg fut | 3 sg fut | 1 du fut | 2 du fut | 3 du fut | 1 pl fut | 2 pl fut | 3 pl fut | 1 sg fut_intent | 2 sg fut_intent | 3 sg fut_intent | 1 du fut_intent | 2 du fut_intent | 3 du fut_intent | 1 pl fut_intent | 2 pl fut_intent | 3 pl fut_intent | 1 sg contrary_to_fact | 2 sg contrary_to_fact | 3 sg contrary_to_fact | 1 du contrary_to_fact | 2 du contrary_to_fact | 3 du contrary_to_fact | 1 pl contrary_to_fact | 2 pl contrary_to_fact | 3 pl contrary_to_fact | 1 sg frustrative | 2 sg frustrative | 3 sg frustrative | 1 du frustrative | 2 du frustrative | 3 du frustrative | 1 pl frustrative | 2 pl frustrative | 3 pl frustrative | 1 sg diff_sbj coord pfv | 2 sg diff_sbj coord pfv | 3 sg diff_sbj coord pfv | 1 du diff_sbj coord pfv | 2 du diff_sbj coord pfv | 3 du diff_sbj coord pfv | 1 pl diff_sbj coord pfv | 2 pl diff_sbj coord pfv | 3 pl diff_sbj coord pfv | 1 sg diff_sbj coord stative | 2 sg diff_sbj coord stative | 3 sg diff_sbj coord stative | 1 du diff_sbj coord stative | 2 du diff_sbj coord stative | 3 du diff_sbj coord stative | 1 pl diff_sbj coord stative | 2 pl diff_sbj coord stative | 3 pl diff_sbj coord stative | 1 sg diff_sbj subord pfv | 2 sg diff_sbj subord pfv | 3 sg diff_sbj subord pfv | 1 du diff_sbj subord pfv | 2 du diff_sbj subord pfv | 3 du diff_sbj subord pfv | 1 pl diff_sbj subord pfv | 2 pl diff_sbj subord pfv | 3 pl diff_sbj subord pfv | 1 sg diff_sbj subord stative | 2 sg diff_sbj subord stative | 3 sg diff_sbj subord stative | 1 du diff_sbj subord stative | 2 du diff_sbj subord stative | 3 du diff_sbj subord stative | 1 pl diff_sbj subord stative | 2 pl diff_sbj subord stative | 3 pl diff_sbj subord stative | 1 sg diff_sbj subord impfv | 2 sg diff_sbj subord impfv | 3 sg diff_sbj subord impfv | 1 du diff_sbj subord impfv | 2 du diff_sbj subord impfv | 3 du diff_sbj subord impfv | 1 pl diff_sbj subord impfv | 2 pl diff_sbj subord impfv | 3 pl diff_sbj subord impfv | 1 sg generic pfv | 2 sg generic pfv | 3 sg generic pfv | 1 du generic pfv | 2 du generic pfv | 3 du generic pfv | 1 pl generic pfv | 2 pl generic pfv | 3 pl generic pfv | 1 sg dub pfv | 2 sg dub pfv | 3 sg dub pfv | 1 du dub pfv | 2 du dub pfv | 3 du dub pfv | 1 pl dub pfv | 2 pl dub pfv | 3 pl dub pfv | 1 sg same_sbj dep | 2 sg same_sbj dep | 3 sg same_sbj dep | 1 du same_sbj dep | 2 du same_sbj dep | 3 du same_sbj dep | 1 pl same_sbj dep | 2 pl same_sbj dep | 3 pl same_sbj dep | 1 sg same_sbj coord | 2 sg same_sbj coord | 3 sg same_sbj coord | 1 du same_sbj coord | 2 du same_sbj coord | 3 du same_sbj coord | 1 pl same_sbj coord | 2 pl same_sbj coord | 3 pl same_sbj coord | 1 sg same_sbj coord simul | 2 sg same_sbj coord simul | 3 sg same_sbj coord simul | 1 du same_sbj coord simul | 2 du same_sbj coord simul | 3 du same_sbj coord simul | 1 pl same_sbj coord simul | 2 pl same_sbj coord simul | 3 pl same_sbj coord simul | 1 sg same_sbj fourth | 2 sg same_sbj fourth | 3 sg same_sbj fourth | 1 du same_sbj fourth | 2 du same_sbj fourth | 3 du same_sbj fourth | 1 pl same_sbj fourth | 2 pl same_sbj fourth | 3 pl same_sbj fourth | 1 sg same_sbj generic temporal | 2 sg same_sbj generic temporal | 3 sg same_sbj generic temporal | 1 du same_sbj generic temporal | 2 du same_sbj generic temporal | 3 du same_sbj generic temporal (variant 1) | 1 pl same_sbj generic temporal (variant 2) | 1 pl same_sbj generic temporal | 2 pl same_sbj generic temporal | 3 pl same_sbj generic temporal |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| get | lexeme | ämeqä | ämen | ämeqi | ämeque | ämeqinyä | ämeqinyä | ämequ | ämeqä | ämeqä | ämeŋä | ämeŋn | äme | ämeŋue | ämeŋinyä | ämeŋinyä | ämeŋu | ämeŋä | ämeŋä | ämetqäŋä | ämetqäŋn | ämetqä | ämetqäŋue | ämetqäŋinyä | ämetqäŋinyä | ämetqäŋu | ämetqäŋä | ämetqäŋä | ämeqe | ämeŋi | ämeqe | ämequee | ämeqiyi | ämeqiyi | ämeque | ämequwi | ämequwi | ämeŋqe | ämeŋi | ämeŋqe | ämeŋuee | ämeŋiyi | ämeŋiyi | ämeŋque | ämeŋuwi | ämeŋuwi | ämetäŋqe | ämetqäŋi | ämetäŋqe | ämetqäŋuee | ämetqäŋiyi | ämetqäŋiyi | ämetäŋque | ämetqäŋuwi | ämetqäŋuwi | ämakäqe | ämakŋi | ämakäqe | ämakuee | ämakiyi | ämakiyi | ämakäque | ämakuwi | ämakuwi | ämeŋqe | ämeŋi | ämeŋqe | ämeŋquee | ämeŋiyi | ämeŋiyi | ämeŋque | ämeŋuwi | ämeŋuwi | ämamiŋqe | ämamiŋi | ämamiŋqe | ämamiŋuee | ämamiŋiyi | ämamiŋiyi | ämamiŋque | ämamiŋuwi | ämamiŋuwi | ämam | ma | äme | äme | (ä)manyä | (ä)manyä | ämen | (ä)mapu | (ä)mapu | mam | matn | men | men | manyä | manyä | men | mapu | mapu | mamqä | matŋqä | metŋqä | meŋqä | mayäŋqä | mayäŋqä | matuŋquä | mapŋqä | mapŋqä | mamqä | matŋqn | meŋqi | meŋque | mayäŋqiny | mayäŋqiny | meŋqu | mapŋqä | mapŋqä | mamäniqe | matäŋi | meniqe | menyuee | manyiyi | manyiyi | menique | mapnuwi | mapnuwi | mamäniŋqe | matŋäŋqe | meniŋqe | menyueŋqe | manyiyiäŋqe | manyiyiäŋqe | meniŋque | mapnuwäŋqe | mapnuwäŋqe | meqäminji | meqätninji | meqoninji | mequenyinji | meqinyinji | meqinyinji | mequaninji | meqäpninji | meqäpninji | mamätmnji | mamätnnji | mamätänji | manyätenji | manyäsinji | manyäsinji | manätanji | manätpinji | manätpinji | meqaŋgä | meqaŋgn | meqaŋgi | meqaŋgue | meqaŋginy | meqaŋginy | meqaŋgu | meqaŋgä | meqaŋgä | metaŋgä | metaŋgn | metaŋgi | metaŋgue | metaŋginy | metaŋginy | metaŋgu | metaŋgä | metaŋgä | meqaŋgäqäŋga | meqaŋgŋäŋga | meqaŋgäqäŋga | meqaŋgueäŋga | meqaŋgiyäŋga | meqaŋgiyäŋga | meqaŋgäquŋgua | meqaŋguwäŋga | meqaŋguwäŋga | metaŋgäqäŋga | metaŋgŋäŋga | metaŋgäqäŋga | metaŋgueäŋga | metaŋgiyäŋga | metaŋgiyäŋga | metaŋgäquŋgua | metaŋguwäŋga | metaŋguwäŋga | metqätaŋgäqäŋga | metqätaŋgŋäŋga | metqätaŋgäqäŋga | metqätaŋgueäŋga | metqätaŋgiyäŋga | metqätaŋgiyäŋga | metqätaŋgäquŋgua | metqätaŋguwäŋga | metqätaŋguwäŋga | meqaŋgmdqäŋga | meqaŋgätqäŋga | meqaŋgutqäŋga | meqaŋguesqäŋga | meqaŋisqäŋga | meqaŋisqäŋga | meqaŋguatqäŋga | meqaŋgäpqäŋga | meqaŋgäpqäŋga | meqaŋgmdi | meqaŋgäti | meqaŋguti | meqaŋguesi | meqaŋgisi | meqaŋgisi | meqaŋguati | meqaŋgäpi | meqaŋgäpi | ämami | ämaŋi | ämeqe | ämeyi | ämayi | ämayi | ämeni | ämapiyi | ämapiyi | ämetm | ämetn | ämetä | ämetä | ämesin | ämesin | ämetan | ämepu | ämepu | ämam | äman | äme | äme | ämany | ämany | ämen | ämapu | ämapu | ämetmi | ämetŋi | ämetäqe | ämetayi | ämesiyi | ämesiyi | ämetani | ämepiyi | ämepiyi | ämamqe | ämatqe | ämetqe | ämeqe | ämayqe | ämayqe | ämeqe | ämetuqe | ämapqe | ämapqe |
| get | stem | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem2 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem2 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem2 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem2 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem2 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem2 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem1 | #stem1 |
| get | suffix | qä | n | qi | que | qinyä | qinyä | qu | qä | qä | äŋä | äŋn | ä | äŋue | äŋinyä | äŋinyä | äŋu | äŋä | äŋä | ätqäŋä | ätqäŋn | ätqä | ätqäŋue | ätqäŋinyä | ätqäŋinyä | ätqäŋu | ätqäŋä | ätqäŋä | qe | [q]ŋi | qe | quee | qiyi | qiyi | que | quwi | quwi | äŋqe | äŋi | äŋqe | äŋuee | äŋiyi | äŋiyi | äŋque | äŋuwi | äŋuwi | ätäŋqe | ätqäŋi | ätäŋqe | ätqäŋuee | ätqäŋiyi | ätqäŋiyi | ätäŋque | ätqäŋuwi | ätqäŋuwi | käqe | kŋi | käqe | kuee | kiyi | kiyi | käque | kuwi | kuwi | äŋqe | äŋi | äŋqe | äŋquee | äŋiyi | äŋiyi | äŋque | äŋuwi | äŋuwi | miŋqe | miŋi | miŋqe | miŋuee | miŋiyi | miŋiyi | miŋque | miŋuwi | miŋuwi | m | ä | a | nyä | nyä | an | pu | pu | m | tn | än | eny | iny | iny | an | pn | pn | mqä | tŋqä | ätŋqä | eŋqä | iyäŋqä | iyäŋqä | atuŋquä | pŋqä | pŋqä | mqä | tŋqn | äŋqi | eŋque | yäŋqiny | yäŋqiny | atuŋqu | pŋqä | pŋqä | mäniqe | tŋi | äniqe | enyuee | inyiyi | inyiyi | anique | pnuwi | pnuwi | mäniŋqe | tŋäŋqe | äniŋqe | enyueŋqe | nyiyiäŋqe | nyiyiäŋqe | aniŋque | pnuwäŋqe | pnuwäŋqe | qäminji | qäninji | qoninji | quenyinji | qinyinji | qinyinji | quaninji | qäpninji | qäpninji | mätmnji | mätnnji | mätänji | nyätenji | nyäsinji | nyäsinji | nätanji | nätpinji | nätpinji | qaŋgä | qaŋgn | qaŋgi | qaŋgue | qaŋginy | qaŋginy | qaŋgu | qaŋgä | qaŋgä | ätaŋgä | ätaŋgn | ätaŋgi | ätaŋgue | ätaŋginy | ätaŋginy | ätaŋgu | ätaŋgä | ätaŋgä | qaŋgäqäŋga | qaŋgŋäŋga | qaŋgäqäŋga | qaŋgueäŋga | qaŋgiyäŋga | qaŋgiyäŋga | qaŋgäquŋgua | qaŋguwäŋga | qaŋguwäŋga | ätaŋgäqäŋga | ätaŋgŋäŋga | ätaŋgäqäŋga | ätaŋgueäŋga | ätaŋgiyäŋga | ätaŋgiyäŋga | ätaŋgäquŋgua | ätaŋguwäŋga | ätaŋguwäŋga | ätqätaŋgäqäŋga | ätqätaŋgŋäŋga | ätqätaŋgäqäŋga | ätqätaŋgueäŋga | ätqätaŋgiyäŋga | ätqätaŋgiyäŋga | ätqätaŋgäquŋgua | ätqätaŋguwäŋga | ätqätaŋguwäŋga | qaŋgmdqäŋga | qaŋgätqäŋga | qaŋgutqäŋga | qaŋguesqäŋga | qaŋisqäŋga | qaŋisqäŋga | qaŋguatqäŋga | qaŋgäpqäŋga | qaŋgäpqäŋga | qaŋgmdi | qaŋgäti | qaŋguti | qaŋguesi | qaŋgisi | qaŋgisi | qaŋguati | qaŋgäpi | qaŋgäpi | mi | ŋi | äqe | ayi | yi | yi | ani | piyi | piyi | ätm | ätn | ätä | äta | äsin | äsin | ätan | äpu | äpu | m | n | ä | a | ny | ny | an | pu | pu | ätmi | ätŋi | ätäqe | ätayi | äsiyi | äsiyi | ätani | äpiyi | äpiyi | mqe | tqe | ätqe | eqe | yqe | yqe | aqe | atuqe | pqe | pqe | |
| say | lexeme | ätqä | ätn | ätqi | ätque | ätqinyä | ätqinyä | ätqu | ätqä | ätqä | ätätqäŋä | ätätqäŋn | ätätqä | ätätqäŋue | ätätqäŋinyä | ätätqäŋinyä | ätätqäŋu | ätätqäŋä | ätätqäŋä | ätqe | ätŋi | ätqe | ätquee | ätqiyi | ätqiyi | ätque | ätquwi | ätquwi | ätätäŋqe | ätätqäŋi | ätätäŋqe | ätätqäŋuee | ätätqäŋiyi | ätätqäŋiyi | ätätäŋque | ätätqäŋuwi | ätätqäŋuwi | ätkäqe | ätkŋi | ätkäqe | ätkuee | ätkiyi | ätkiyi | ätkäque | ätkuwi | ätkuwi | ätäŋqe | ätäŋi | ätäŋqe | ätäŋquee | ätäŋiyi | ätäŋiyi | ätäŋque | ätäŋuwi | ätäŋuwi | ätmiŋqe | ätmiŋi | ätmiŋqe | ätmiŋuee | ätmiŋiyi | ätmiŋiyi | ätmiŋque | ätmiŋuwi | ätmiŋuwi | ätm | ti | ätä | äta | (ä)sinyä | (ä)sinyä | ätan | (ä)täpu | (ä)täpu | tm | ttn | tän | teny | siny | siny | tan | tpn | tpn | tmqä | ttŋqä | tätŋqä | teŋqä | siyäŋqä | siyäŋqä | tatuŋquä | tpŋqä | tpŋqä | tmqä | ttŋqn | täŋqi | teŋque | siyäŋqiny | siyäŋqiny | tatuŋqu | tpŋqä | tpŋqä | tmäniqe | ttŋi | täniqe | tenyuee | sinyiyi | sinyiyi | tanique | tpnuwi | tpnuwi | tmäniŋqe | ttŋäŋqe | täniŋqe | tenyueŋqe | sinyiyiäŋqe | sinyiyiäŋqe | taniŋque | tpnuwäŋqe | tpnuwäŋqe | tqäminji | tqätninji | tqoninji | tquenyinji | tqinyinji | tqinyinji | tquaninji | tqäpninji | tqäpninji | tmätmnji | tmätnnji | tmätänji | tenyätenji | tenyäsinji | tenyäsinji | tanätanji | tanätpinji | tanätpinji | tqaŋgä | tqaŋgn | tqaŋgi | tqaŋgue | tqaŋginy | tqaŋginy | tqaŋgu | tqaŋgä | tqaŋgä | tqaŋgäqäŋga | tqaŋgŋäŋga | tqaŋgäqäŋga | tqaŋgueäŋga | tqaŋgiyäŋga | tqaŋgiyäŋga | tqaŋgäquŋgua | tqaŋguwäŋga | tqaŋguwäŋga | tätqätaŋgäqäŋga | tätqätaŋgŋäŋga | tätqätaŋgäqäŋga | tätqätaŋgueäŋga | tätqätaŋgiyäŋga | tätqätaŋgiyäŋga | tätqätaŋgäquŋgua | tätqätaŋguwäŋga | tätqätaŋguwäŋga | tqaŋgmdqäŋga | tqaŋgätqäŋga | tqaŋgutqäŋga | tqaŋguesqäŋga | tqaŋisqäŋga | tqaŋisqäŋga | tqaŋguatqäŋga | tqaŋgäpqäŋga | tqaŋgäpqäŋga | tqaŋgmdi | tqaŋgäti | tqaŋguti | tqaŋguesi | tqaŋgisi | tqaŋgisi | tqaŋguati | tqaŋgäpi | tqaŋgäpi | ätmi | ätŋi | ätäqe | ätayi | äsiyi | äsiyi | äatni | ätpiyi | ätpiyi | ätätm | ätätn | ätätä | ätäta | ätäsin | ätäsin | ätätan | ätäpu | ätäpu | ätm | ätn | ätä | äta | äsin | äsin | ätan | ätpu | ätpu | ätätmi | ätätŋi | ätätäqe | ätätayi | ätäsiyi | ätäsiyi | ätätani | ätäpiyi | ätäpiyi | ätmqe | ättqe | ätätqe | äteqe | äsiyqe | äsiyqe | ätaqe | ätatuqe | ätäpqe | ätäpqe | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| say | stem | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem2 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem2 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem2 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem2 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem2 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem2 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem1 | #stem1 |
| say | suffix | qä | n | qi | que | qinyä | qinyä | qu | qä | qä | äŋä | äŋn | ä | äŋue | äŋinyä | äŋinyä | äŋu | äŋä | äŋä | ätqäŋä | ätqäŋn | ätqä | ätqäŋue | ätqäŋinyä | ätqäŋinyä | ätqäŋu | ätqäŋä | ätqäŋä | qe | [q]ŋi | qe | quee | qiyi | qiyi | que | quwi | quwi | äŋqe | äŋi | äŋqe | äŋuee | äŋiyi | äŋiyi | äŋque | äŋuwi | äŋuwi | ätäŋqe | ätqäŋi | ätäŋqe | ätqäŋuee | ätqäŋiyi | ätqäŋiyi | ätäŋque | ätqäŋuwi | ätqäŋuwi | käqe | kŋi | käqe | kuee | kiyi | kiyi | käque | kuwi | kuwi | äŋqe | äŋi | äŋqe | äŋquee | äŋiyi | äŋiyi | äŋque | äŋuwi | äŋuwi | miŋqe | miŋi | miŋqe | miŋuee | miŋiyi | miŋiyi | miŋque | miŋuwi | miŋuwi | m | i | ä | a | inyä | inyä | an | äpu | äpu | m | tn | än | eny | iny | iny | an | pn | pn | mqä | tŋqä | ätŋqä | eŋqä | iyäŋqä | iyäŋqä | atuŋquä | pŋqä | pŋqä | mqä | tŋqn | äŋqi | eŋque | iyäŋqiny | iyäŋqiny | atuŋqu | pŋqä | pŋqä | mäniqe | tŋi | äniqe | enyuee | inyiyi | inyiyi | anique | pnuwi | pnuwi | mäniŋqe | tŋäŋqe | äniŋqe | enyueŋqe | inyiyiäŋqe | inyiyiäŋqe | aniŋque | pnuwäŋqe | pnuwäŋqe | qäminji | qäninji | qoninji | quenyinji | qinyinji | qinyinji | quaninji | qäpninji | qäpninji | mätmnji | mätnnji | mätänji | enyätenji | enyäsinji | enyäsinji | anätanji | anätpinji | anätpinji | qaŋgä | qaŋgn | qaŋgi | qaŋgue | qaŋginy | qaŋginy | qaŋgu | qaŋgä | qaŋgä | ätaŋgä | ätaŋgn | ätaŋgi | ätaŋgue | ätaŋginy | ätaŋginy | ätaŋgu | ätaŋgä | ätaŋgä | qaŋgäqäŋga | qaŋgŋäŋga | qaŋgäqäŋga | qaŋgueäŋga | qaŋgiyäŋga | qaŋgiyäŋga | qaŋgäquŋgua | qaŋguwäŋga | qaŋguwäŋga | ätaŋgäqäŋga | ätaŋgŋäŋga | ätaŋgäqäŋga | ätaŋgueäŋga | ätaŋgiyäŋga | ätaŋgiyäŋga | ätaŋgäquŋgua | ätaŋguwäŋga | ätaŋguwäŋga | ätqätaŋgäqäŋga | ätqätaŋgŋäŋga | ätqätaŋgäqäŋga | ätqätaŋgueäŋga | ätqätaŋgiyäŋga | ätqätaŋgiyäŋga | ätqätaŋgäquŋgua | ätqätaŋguwäŋga | ätqätaŋguwäŋga | qaŋgmdqäŋga | qaŋgätqäŋga | qaŋgutqäŋga | qaŋguesqäŋga | qaŋisqäŋga | qaŋisqäŋga | qaŋguatqäŋga | qaŋgäpqäŋga | qaŋgäpqäŋga | qaŋgmdi | qaŋgäti | qaŋguti | qaŋguesi | qaŋgisi | qaŋgisi | qaŋguati | qaŋgäpi | qaŋgäpi | mi | ŋi | äqe | ayi | iyi | iyi | ani | piyi | piyi | ätm | ätn | ätä | äta | äsin | äsin | ätan | äpu | äpu | m | n | ä | a | sin | sin | an | pu | pu | ätmi | ätŋi | ätäqe | ätayi | äsiyi | äsiyi | ätani | äpiyi | äpiyi | mqe | tqe | ätqe | eqe | iyqe | iyqe | aqe | atuqe | äpqe | äpqe |
Menya notes
General observations
-
The affirmative prefix ä- is found on realis as opposed to irrealis forms; the prefixation pattern of the hortative is mixed.
-
Many verbs have two stem alternants. In general their distribution is predictable by the phonology of the suffix: the derived stem (here, 'stem2') is found before vowel- or /q/-initial suffixes, the basic stem (here, 'stem1') is found elsewhere. Apparently, though, there are some irregularities; the only one which Whitehead (2006: 75) discusses overtly are instances where suffix initial /q/ is deleted before a following /n/ or /ŋ/, where some verbs show the pre-deletion stem alternant and some show the post-deletion stem alternant. (The verb 'get' in the tables shows the pre-deletion allomorph. Note also that in this verb the relationship of stem to suffix is obscured by the fact that suffix-initial vowels are typically deleted following this vowel-final stem.)
Although the stem alternants are (largely) determined by the phonology of the suffix-initial segment, the phonology of the stem alternants themselves varies widely, showing no obvious relationship to the phonology of the suffix-initial segment. For example (Whitehead 2006: 76):
basic stem
(stem1)derived stem
(stem2)‘get’ ma me ‘act’ q qiy ‘hit/kill’ päk päs ‘birth’ (sic) mi nyuä ‘harvest’ p suä -
Lack of stative forms for 'say' is semantically motivated.
-
Free pronouns and object prefixes have patterns of syncretism distinct from that of subject marking suffixes: - - -
free pronouns object prefixes SG DU PL SG DU PL 1 nyi ye ne 1 n ya na 2 si qe he 2 k- qe- e- 3 ki qe qu 3 w-/Ø w-/Ø w-/Ø
Phonological/orthographic notes
- Underlying /ti/ ↓ /si/ (though note there are instances of /ti/ in the paradigms, so this is presumably best treated as a morphophonological rather than a phonological rule.
- /ä/ = /ə/
References
Whitehead, Carl R. 2006. A reference grammar of Menya. PhD thesis, University of Manitoba. (Revised version of 2004 thesis.)