Muna
Verbs table
| gloss | layer | 1 excl sg real | 2 sg real | 3 sg real | 1 excl pl real | 2 hon sg real | 1 incl du real | 3 pl real | 1 incl pl real | 2 pl real | 2 hon pl real | 1 excl sg irr | 2 sg irr | 3 sg irr | 1 excl pl irr | 2 hon sg irr | 1 incl du irr | 3 pl irr | 1 incl pl irr | 2 pl irr | 2 hon pl irr |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| go | lexeme | akala | okala | nokala | takala | tokala | dokala | dokala | dokalaamu | okalaamu | tokalaamu | akumala | okumala | nakumala | takumala | takumala | dakumala | dakumala | dakumalaamu | okumalaamu | takumalaamu |
| repent | lexeme | amanda | omanda | nomanda | tamanda | tomanda | domanda | domanda | domandaamu | omandaamu | tomandaamu | amanda | omanda | namanda | tamanda | tomanda | damanda | damanda | damandaamu | omandaamu | tamandaamu |
| live | lexeme | aelate | omelate | nelate | taelate | telate | delate | delate | delateamu | omelateamu | telateamu | aelate | omelate | naelate | taelate | telate | daelate | daelate | daelateamu | omelateamu | taelateamu |
| sleep | lexeme | aolodo | omolodo | nolodo | taolodo | tolodo | dolodo | dolodo | dolodoamu | omolodoamu | tolodoamu | aolodo | omolodo | naolodo | taolodo | taolodo | daolodo | daolodo | dolodoamu | omolodoamu | taolodoamu |
| go | prefix | a | o | no | ta | to | do | do | do | o | to | a | o | na | ta | ta | da | da | da | o | ta |
| repent | prefix | a | o | no | ta | to | do | do | do | o | to | a | o | na | ta | to | da | da | da | o | ta |
| live | prefix | ae | ome | ne | tae | te | de | de | de | ome | te | ae | ome | nae | tae | tae | dae | dae | dae | ome | tae |
| sleep | prefix | ao | omo | no | tao | to | do | do | do | omo | to | ao | omo | nao | tao | tao | dao | dao | do | omo | tao |
| go | stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #inf | #inf | #inf | #inf | #inf | #inf | #inf | #inf | #inf | #inf |
| repent | stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem |
| live | stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem |
| sleep | stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem |
| go | suffix | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | amu | amu | amu | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | amu | amu | amu |
| repent | suffix | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | amu | amu | amu | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | amu | amu | amu |
| live | suffix | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | amu | amu | amu | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | amu | amu | amu |
| sleep | suffix | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | amu | amu | amu | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | amu | amu | amu |
Muna notes
Verbs
- Tense is not marked per se, but mood and aspect are. Irrealis may have a future interpretation, while realise may be present or past (but when used with perfective --mo, it is only past).
- 'go' and 'repent' represent class a- verbs; 'live' represents class ae-; and 'sleep' represents class ao-. Loosely, the first class are dynamic intransitives, the second are transitives, and the third are stative intransitives, but that is not absolute.
- In class a- verbs, infixation distinguishes the realis and irrelais. However, there is no infixation in stems beginning with a nasal consonant, prenazalised consonant, as well as /b/, /bh/ and sometimes /w/.
- ae- class transitives conjugate like a- class transitives when they have a definite object, while the others remain unchanged.
References
Van den Berg, René. 1989. A grammar of the Muna language. Dordrecht and Providence: Foris.