Gavião-Pykobjê
Verbs table
| gloss | layer | valence | non-pst 1 | non-pst 2 | non-pst 3 | pst 1 | pst 2 | pst 3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (be able to) hear | lexeme | intr | jõpar | a:jõpar | hõpar | jõpar | a:jõpar | hõpar |
| (be able to) hear | prefix | intr | j | a:j | h | j | a:j | h |
| (be able to) hear | stem | intr | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem |
| be good (well made) | lexeme | intr | empes | empes | empes | empes | empes | empes |
| be good (well made) | prefix | intr | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero |
| be good (well made) | stem | intr | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem |
| eat | lexeme | tr | kor | kor | kor | ko | ko | ko |
| eat | prefix | tr | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero |
| eat | stem | tr | #stem_long | #stem_long | #stem_long | #stem_short | #stem_short | #stem_short |
| fish | lexeme | intr | jəpin | a:jəpin | jəpin | a:pi | a:pi | a:pi |
| fish | prefix | intr | j | a:j | h | zero | zero | zero |
| fish | stem | intr | #stem_long | #stem_long | #stem_long | #stem_short | #stem_short | #stem_short |
| hunt | lexeme | tr | jahir | a:jahir | jahir | jahi | a:jahi | hahi |
| hunt | prefix | tr | j | a:j | h | j | a:j | h |
| hunt | stem | tr | #stem_long | #stem_long | #stem_long | #stem_short | #stem_short | #stem_short |
| know | lexeme | tr | jakrepes | a:jakrepes | hakrepes | jakrepes | a:jakrepes | hakrepes |
| know | prefix | tr | j | a:j | h | j | a:j | h |
| know | stem | tr | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem |
| pagar | lexeme | tr | jəmjõr | a:jəmjõr | həmjõr | əmŋgõ | əmŋgõ | əmŋgõ |
| pagar | prefix | tr | j | a:j | h | zero | zero | zero |
| pagar | stem | tr | #stem_long | #stem_long | #stem_long | #stem_short | #stem_short | #stem_short |
| run | lexeme | intr | jarʃtar | a:jarʃtar | harʃtar | jarʃta | a:jarʃta | harʃta |
| run | prefix | intr | j | a:j | h | j | a:j | h |
| run | stem | intr | #stem_long | #stem_long | #stem_long | #stem_short | #stem_short | #stem_short |
| see | lexeme | tr | popo | popo | popo | popo | popo | popo |
| see | prefix | tr | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero |
| see | stem | tr | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem |
Gavião-Pykobjê notes
- Along with other Je languages, verbs distinguish between a so-called
long form and short form. These have been labelled here 'past' and
'non-past', though this is an oversimplification. Briefly, their
distribution is:
- In sentence-final position, the long form is used for the past, the short form for the non-past. Certain words that occur post-verbally are invisible to this rule: temporal adverbs and, optionally, quantificational adverbs ('much', 'few').
- In non-sentence-final position, the long form is used, regardless of tense.
- The morphological alternation between long and short form is quite varied. The most usual pattern is for the long form to have a final -n, -m or -r which the short form lacks, but other patterns are found, up to complete suppletion. Amado (2004) only treats the first type as (potentially) rule-based.
- Person prefixes are used when there is no other overt indication of the argument, namely subject with intransitives and the object with transitives. Slightly different forms of the prefixes are found with consonant-initial stems (not illustrated here).
References
Amado, Rosane de Sá. 2004. Aspectos morfofonológicos do Gavião-Pykobjê. PhD thesis, University of São Paulo. Online: http://www.etnolinguistica.org/tese:amado-2004.