Quileute
Nouns table
| gloss | layer | sg | pl |
|---|---|---|---|
| arrow feather | lexeme | hé.ya′’at | tcí’ya′’at |
| arrow feather | affix | he- | tcí’- |
| arrow feather | stem | #stem | #stem |
| bait | lexeme | xwá’t’ci′sta’ | tcí’t’ci′sta’ |
| bait | affix | xwá’- | tcí’- |
| bait | stem | #stem | #stem |
| box | lexeme | áːx̣uyo′’ | tcí’x̣uyo′’ |
| box | affix | á’- | tcí’- |
| box | stem | #stem | #stem |
| dog | lexeme | kadèːdo’ | káskadeːdo’ |
| dog | affix | zero | <s> |
| dog | stem | #stem | #redup |
| ear (óː’olaxat) | lexeme | óːlaxat | tcí’laxat |
| ear (óː’olaxat) | affix | ó- | tcí’- |
| ear (óː’olaxat) | stem | #stem | #stem |
| eye | lexeme | da’q’oː | dadá’q’o |
| eye | affix | zero | zero |
| eye | stem | #stem | #redup |
| fork | lexeme | tsi′kiːł | tsit’è′kiːł |
| fork | affix | zero | <t’> |
| fork | stem | #stem | #stem |
| potato | lexeme | qaː′wats | qáqeː′wats |
| potato | affix | zero | zero |
| potato | stem | #stem | #redup+V |
| root basket | lexeme | pi′’ko’ | pi′’tsko’ |
| root basket | affix | zero | <ts> |
| root basket | stem | #stem | #stem |
| shaman | lexeme | ü′xwałoː′la’ | tcí’iłoː′la’ |
| shaman | affix | ü′xwa- | tcí’- |
| shaman | stem | #stem | #stem |
Quileute notes
- What is called here a noun plural is actually a distributive form, though Andrade (1933-38: 190) notes that at the time of his writing, younger speakers were using these forms as ordinary plurals, presumably under the influence of English.
- There are essentially two types of plural formation.
- One is reserved for nouns with any of the three stem formatives that are found throughout both the nominal and verbal lexicon: he-, ó- and á'-, which Andrade speculates may once have been demonstratives (but no longer are). Nouns in addition may be formed with an intial ü′xwa- or xwá'-, which are transparently related to corresponding demonstratives. In all these cases the prefixed element is replaced by tcí'- in the plural, itself related to a "demonstrative that refers to an object that is not present, but is known by previous, direct experience p. 185).
- Nouns that lack these formatives form their plurals through reduplication or infixation, or both.
Orthographic notes
- Andrade's orthography is preserved here; note that [ł] (barred l) is voiceless, and a prime symbol indicates mid-level tone.
References
Andrade, Manuel J. 1933-38. Quileute. In Franz Boas (ed.) Handbook of American Indian Languages, vol. 3, pp. 149-292. Glückstadt: J.J. Augustin.