Santa Ana Keres
Nominals table
gloss | layer | ind 1sg | ind 2 sg | ind 3 sg | ind 1|2 sg | neg 1 sg | neg 2 sg | neg 3 sg | Neg 1|2 sg | dub 1 sg | dub 2 sg | dub 3 sg | dub 1|2 sg | hort 1 sg | hort 2 sg | hort 3 sg | hort 1|2 sg | neg hort 1 sg | neg hort 2 sg | neg hort 3 sg | neg hort 1|2 sg | fut hort 1 sg | fut hort 2 sg | fut hort 3 sg | fut hort 1|2 sg | ind 1du | ind 2 du | ind 3 du | neg 1 du | neg 2 du | neg 3 du | dub 1 du | dub 2 du | dub 3 du | hort 1 du | hort 2 du | hort 3 du | neg hort 1 du | neg hort 2 du | neg hort 3 du | fut hort 1 du | fut hort 2 du | fut hort 3 du | ind 1pl | ind 2 pl | ind 3 pl | neg 1 pl | neg 2 pl | neg 3 pl | dub 1 pl | dub 2 pl | dub 3 pl | hort 1 pl | hort 2 pl | hort 3 pl | neg hort 1 pl | neg hort 2 pl | neg hort 3 pl | fut hort 1 pl | fut hort 2 pl | fut hort 3 pl |
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it belongs to... | prefix | sˀ | gəẓ | kˀ | ṣ | skˀ | gəẓ | kˀ | ṣˀ | taʔ | dʸəẓ | čˀ | c̣ˀ | nˀ | ẓ | pˀ | ṣˀ | nˀ | skˀ | pˀ | ṣˀ | nˀ | dʸəẓ | pˀ | c̣ˀ | sə́ẓ | gə́ẓ | g | sg | gə́ẓ | g | tə́ẓ | dʸə́ẓ | dʸ | š | ẓ | p | š | sg | p | nə́ẓ | dʸə́ẓ | p | sə́ẓ | gə́ẓ | g | sg | gə́ẓ | g | tə́ẓ | dʸə́ẓ | dʸ | nə́ẓ | ẓ | p | nə́ẓ | sg | p | nə́ẓ | dʸə́ẓ | p |
it belongs to... | lexeme | sˀa | gəẓa | kˀa | ṣa | skˀa | gəẓa | kˀa | ṣˀa | ta | dʸəẓa | čˀa | c̣ˀa | nˀa | ẓa | pˀa | ṣˀa | nˀa | skˀa | pˀa | ṣˀa | nˀaudi | dʸəẓa | pˀa | c̣ˀa |
Verbs intrans table
gloss | layer | ind 1sg | ind 2 sg | ind 3 sg | neg 1 sg | neg 2 sg | neg 3 sg | dub 1 sg | dub 2 sg | dub 3 sg | hort 1 sg | hort 2 sg | hort 3 sg | neg hort 1 sg | neg hort 2 sg | neg hort 3 sg | fut hort 1 sg | fut hort 2 sg | fut hort 3 sg | ind 1du | ind 2 du | ind 3 du | neg 1 du | neg 2 du | neg 3 du | dub 1 du | dub 2 du | dub 3 du | hort 1 du | hort 2 du | hort 3 du | neg hort 1 du | neg hort 2 du | neg hort 3 du | fut hort 1 du | fut hort 2 du | fut hort 3 du | ind 1pl | ind 2 pl | ind 3 pl | neg 1 pl | neg 2 pl | neg 3 pl | dub 1 pl | dub 2 pl | dub 3 pl | hort 1 pl | hort 2 pl | hort 3 pl | neg hort 1 pl | neg hort 2 pl | neg hort 3 pl | fut hort 1 pl | fut hort 2 pl | fut hort 3 pl |
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10-7, 10-22, 2-23 | prefix | cˀi | š | z | sdʸ | š | z | tˀi | c | d | kˀa | pi | piʔ | kˀa | sdʸ | piʔ | nˀi | c | piʔ | səẓ | gəẓ | g | sg | gəẓ | g | təẓ | dʸəẓ | dʸ | š | ẓ | p | š | sg | p | nəẓ | dʸəẓ | p | səẓ | gəẓ | g | sg | gəẓ | g | təẓ | dʸəẓ | dʸ | nəẓ | ẓ | p | nəẓ | sg | p | nəẓ | dʸəẓ | p |
11-25, 11-26, 11-25 | prefix | səd | gəd | z | sdʸ | gəd | z | təd | dʸəd | d | nəd | d | p | nəd | sdʸ | p | nəd | dʸəd | p | səd | gəd | z | sdʸ | gəd | z | təd | dʸəd | d | st | d | p | st | sdʸ | p | nəd | dʸəd | p | səd | gəd | z | sdʸ | gəd | z | təd | dʸəd | d | nəd | d | p | nəd | sdʸ | p | nəd | dʸəd | p |
1-3, 2-24, 11-25 | prefix | si | ṣ | g | sg | ṣ | g | ti | c̣ | dʸ | ka | ʔ | piʔ | ka | sg | piʔ | ni | c̣ | piʔ | səẓ | gəẓ | g | sg | gəẓ | g | təẓ | dʸəẓ | dʸ | š | ẓ | p | š | sg | p | nəẓ | dʸəẓ | p | səd | gəd | z | sdʸ | gəd | z | təd | dʸəd | d | nəd | d | p | nəd | sdʸ | p | nəd | dʸəd | p |
be located | lexeme | sˀiku̥ | ṣaku̥ | gaku̥ | sgaku̥ | ṣaku̥ | gaku̥ | tiʔiku̥ | c̣aku̥ | dʸaku̥ | kaku̥ | paku̥ | piʔiku̥ | kaku̥ | sgaku̥ | piʔiku̥ | nˀiku̥ | c̣aku̥ | piʔiku̥ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
be located | prefix | sˀi | ṣ | g | sg | ṣ | g | tiʔ | c̣ | dʸ | k | p | piʔ | k | sg | piʔ | nˀi | c̣ | piʔ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
be mean | lexeme | sga:nawanˀi̥sga:nawanˀi̥sga:nawanˀi̥ | gəẓa:nawanˀi̥ | cˀa:nawanˀi̥cˀa:nawanˀi̥cˀa:nawanˀi̥ | sčˀa:nawanˀi̥ | gəẓa:nawanˀi̥ | cˀa:nawanˀi̥cˀa:nawanˀi̥cˀa:nawanˀi̥ | təẓa:nawanˀi̥ | dʸəẓa:nawanˀi̥ | tˀa:nawanˀi̥tˀa:nawanˀi̥tˀa:nawanˀi̥ | nəẓa:nawanˀi̥ | ẓa:nawanˀi̥ẓa:nawanˀi̥ẓa:nawanˀi̥ | pˀe:nawanˀi̥pˀe:nawanˀi̥pˀe:nawanˀi̥ | nəẓa:nawanˀi̥ | sčˀa:nawanˀi̥ | pˀe:nawanˀi̥pˀe:nawanˀi̥pˀe:nawanˀi̥ | nəẓa:nawanˀi̥ | dʸəẓa:nawanˀi̥ | pˀe:nawanˀi̥pˀe:nawanˀi̥pˀe:nawanˀi̥ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
be mean | prefix | sg | gəẓ | cˀcˀcˀ | sčˀ | gəẓ | cˀcˀcˀ | təẓ | dʸəẓ | tˀtˀtˀ | nəẓ | ẓẓẓ | pˀipˀipˀi | nəẓ | sčˀ | pˀipˀipˀi | nəẓ | dʸəẓ | pˀipˀipˀi | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
be satisfied | lexeme | siukḁi̥siukḁi̥siukḁi̥ | ṣukaiṣukaiṣukai | kukai | skukai | ṣukaiṣukaiṣukai | kukai | tiukḁi̥ | c̣ukaic̣ukaic̣ukai | čukai | kaukḁi̥ | ʔukai | piukai | kaukḁi̥ | skukai | piukai | niukḁi̥ | c̣ukaic̣ukaic̣ukai | piukai | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
be satisfied | prefix | si | ṣṣṣ | k | sk | ṣṣṣ | k | ti | c̣c̣c̣ | č | ka | ʔ | piʔ | ka | sk | piʔ | ni | c̣c̣c̣ | piʔ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
be sick | lexeme | sguwasa | guẓuwasaguẓuwasaguẓuwasa | ziwasa | sdʸiwasa | guẓuwasaguẓuwasaguẓuwasa | ziwasa | tuẓuwasatuẓuwasatuẓuwasa | dʸuẓuwasadʸuẓuwasadʸuẓuwasa | diwasa | nuẓuwasanuẓuwasanuẓuwasa | ẓuwasaẓuwasaẓuwasa | piwasa | nuẓuwasanuẓuwasanuẓuwasa | sdʸiwasa | piwasa | nuẓuwasanuẓuwasanuẓuwasa | dʸuẓuwasadʸuẓuwasadʸuẓuwasa | piwasa | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
be sick | prefix | sg | gəẓ | zi | sdʸi | gəẓ | zi | təẓ | dʸəẓ | di | nəẓ | ẓẓẓ | pi | nəẓ | sdʸi | pi | nəẓ | dʸəẓ | pizəcḁ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
chop | lexeme | cˀiku̥pḁwḁ | šiku̥pḁwḁ | ziku̥pḁwḁ | sdʸiku̥pḁwḁ | šiku̥pḁwḁ | ziku̥pḁwḁ | tˀiku̥pḁwḁ | ciku̥pḁwḁ | diku̥pḁwḁ | kˀaku̥pḁwḁ | piku̥pḁwḁ | piku̥pḁwḁ | kˀaku̥pḁwḁ | sdʸiku̥pḁwḁ | piku̥pḁwḁ | nˀiku̥pḁwḁ | ciku̥pḁwḁ | piku̥pḁwḁ | si | š | z | sdʸ | š | z | tiʔ | c | d | stiku̥pawanˀə | pi | piʔ | stiʔ | sdʸ | piʔ | niʔ | c | piʔ | siku̥pawanˀe̥ | šiku̥pawanˀe̥ | ziku̥pawanˀe̥ | sdʸiku̥pawanˀe̥ | šiku̥pawanˀe̥ | ziku̥pawanˀe̥ | tiiku̥pawanˀe̥ | ciku̥pawanˀe̥ | diku̥pawanˀe̥ | niiku̥pawanˀe̥ | piku̥pawanˀe̥ | piku̥pawanˀe̥ | niku̥pawanˀe̥ | sdʸiku̥pawanˀe̥ | piku̥pawanˀe̥ | niku̥pawanˀe̥ | ciku̥pawanˀe̥ | piku̥pawanˀe̥ |
chop | prefix | cˀi | š | z | sdʸ | š | z | tˀi | c | d | kˀa | pi | piʔ | kˀa | sdʸ | piʔ | nˀi | c | piʔ | siʔ | š | z | sdʸ | š | z | tiʔ | c | d | stiʔ | pi | piʔ | stiʔ | sdʸ | piʔ | niʔ | c | piʔ | siʔ | š | z | sdʸ | š | z | tiʔ | c | d | niʔ | pi | piʔ | niʔ | sdʸ | piʔ | niʔ | c | piʔ |
did | lexeme | si:cˀḁ | ši:cˀḁ | ci:cˀḁ | sči:cˀḁ | ši:cˀḁ | ci:cˀḁ | ti:cˀḁ | ci:cˀḁ | ti:cˀḁ | kaicˀḁ | pi:cˀḁ | piʔi:cˀḁ | kaicˀḁ | sči:cˀḁ | piʔi:cˀḁ | ni:cˀḁ | ci:cˀḁ | piʔi:cˀḁ | stˀi:ẓa:nˀə | sˀi:ẓa:nˀe̥ | ši:ẓa:nˀe̥ | ci:ẓa:nˀe̥ | sči:ẓa:nˀe̥ | ši:ẓa:nˀe̥ | ci:ẓa:nˀe̥ | tiʔi:ẓa:nˀe̥ | ci:ẓa:nˀe̥ | ti:ẓa:nˀe̥ | nˀi:ẓa:nˀe̥ | pi:ẓa:nˀe̥ | piʔi:ẓa:nˀe̥ | nˀi:ẓa:nˀe̥ | sči:ẓa:nˀe̥ | piʔi:ẓa:nˀe̥ | nˀi:ẓa:nˀe̥ | ci:ẓa:nˀe̥ | piʔi:ẓa:nˀe̥ | |||||||||||||||||
did | prefix | si | š | c | sč | š | c | ti | c | t | ka | pi | piʔ | ka | sč | piʔ | ni | c | piʔ | sˀi | š | c | sč | š | c | tiʔ | c | t | stˀi | pi | piʔ | stˀi | sč | piʔ | nˀi | c | piʔ | sˀi | š | c | sč | š | c | tiʔ | c | t | nˀi | pi | piʔ | nˀi | sč | piʔ | nˀi | c | piʔ |
drink | lexeme | siskˀḁ | ʔəskˀḁ | səẓaskˀḁ | səẓaskˀḁtḁ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
drink | prefix | si | ṣ | g | sg | ṣ | g | ti | c̣ | dʸ | ka | ʔ | piʔ | ka | sg | piʔ | ni | c̣ | piʔ | səẓ | gəẓ | g | sg | gəẓ | g | təẓ | dʸəẓ | dʸ | š | ẓ | p | š | sg | p | nəẓ | dʸəẓ | p | səẓ | gəẓ | g | sg | gəẓ | g | təẓ | dʸəẓ | dʸ | nəẓ | ẓ | p | nəẓ | sg | p | nəẓ | dʸəẓ | p |
eat | lexeme | supe̥ | ṣupe̥ | kupe̥ | skupe̥ | ṣupe̥ | kupe̥ | tupe̥ | c̣upe̥ | čupe̥ | kupe̥ | c̣ˀupe̥ | pupe̥ | kupe̥ | skupe̥ | pupe̥ | nupe̥ | c̣upe̥ | pupe̥ | ša:ʔḁbe | səẓa:ʔḁpe̥ | gəẓa:ʔḁpe̥ | ga:ʔḁpe̥ | sga:ʔḁpe̥ | gəẓa:ʔḁpe̥ | ga:ʔḁpe̥ | təẓa:ʔḁpe̥ | dʸəẓa:ʔḁpe̥ | dʸa:ʔḁpe̥ | nəẓa:ʔḁpe̥ | ẓa:ʔḁpe̥ | pa:ʔḁpe̥ | nəẓa:ʔḁpe̥ | sga:ʔḁpe̥ | pa:ʔḁpe̥ | nəẓa:ʔḁpe̥ | dʸəẓa:ʔḁpe̥ | pa:ʔḁpe̥ | |||||||||||||||||
eat | prefix | s | ṣ | k | sk | ṣ | k | t | c̣ | č | k | c̣ˀ | p | k | sk | p | n | c̣ | p | səẓ | gəẓ | g | sg | gəẓ | g | təẓ | dʸəẓ | dʸ | š | ẓ | p | š | sg | p | nəẓ | dʸəẓ | p | səẓ | gəẓ | g | sg | gəẓ | g | təẓ | dʸəẓ | dʸ | nəẓ | ẓ | p | nəẓ | sg | p | nəẓ | dʸəẓ | p |
fast | lexeme | sˀudʸaši | gəẓudʸaši | gaudʸaši | sgaudʸaši | gəẓudʸaši | gaudʸaši | tuʔudʸaši | dʸəẓudʸaši | dʸaudʸaši | kuʔudʸaši | ẓudʸaši | paudʸaši | kuʔudʸaši | sgaudʸaši | paudʸaši | nˀudʸaši | dʸəẓudʸaši | paudʸaši | səẓ | gəẓ | guʔudʸašiguʔudʸaši | sg | gəẓ | g | təẓ | dʸəẓ | dʸ | š | ẓ | p | š | sg | p | nəẓ | dʸəẓ | p | səẓ | gəẓ | guwadʸaši | sg | gəẓ | g | təẓ | dʸəẓ | dʸ | nəẓ | ẓ | p | nəẓ | sg | p | nəẓ | dʸəẓ | p |
fast | prefix | sˀ | gəẓ | ga | sga | gəẓ | ga | taʔ | dʸəẓ | dʸa | kaʔ | ẓ | pa | kaʔ | sga | pa | nˀ | dʸəẓ | pa | səẓ | gəẓ | g | sg | gəẓ | g | təẓ | dʸəẓ | dʸ | š | ẓ | p | š | sg | p | nəẓ | dʸəẓ | p | səẓ | gəẓ | g | sg | gəẓ | g | təẓ | dʸəẓ | dʸ | nəẓ | ẓ | p | nəẓ | sg | p | nəẓ | dʸəẓ | p |
lay down | lexeme | skˀuikḁi̥skˀuikḁi̥ | gədikḁi̥ | cˀikḁi̥cˀikḁi̥ | sčˀikḁi̥ | gədikḁi̥ | cˀikḁi̥cˀikḁi̥ | tədikḁi̥ | dʸidikḁi̥ | tˀikḁi̥tˀikḁi̥ | nədikḁi̥ | dikḁi̥ | pˀikḁi̥pˀikḁi̥ | nədikḁi̥ | sčˀikḁi̥ | pˀikḁi̥pˀikḁi̥ | nədikḁi̥ | dʸidikḁi̥ | pˀikḁi̥pˀikḁi̥ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
lay down | prefix | skˀu | gədi | cˀicˀi | sčˀi | gədi | cˀicˀi | tədi | dʸidi | tˀitˀi | nədi | di | pˀipˀi | nədi | sčˀi | pˀipˀi | nədi | dʸidi | pˀipˀi | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
plant | lexeme | sˀaudi | ṣˀaudi | kaʔaudi | skaʔaudi | ṣˀaudi | kaʔaudi | taʔaudi | c̣aʔaudi | čaʔaudi | kaʔaudi | c̣ˀaudi | paʔaudi | kaʔaudi | skaʔaudi | paʔaudi | nˀaudi | c̣aʔaudi | paʔaudi | sˀ | ṣˀ | kaʔ | skaʔ | ṣˀ | kaʔ | taʔ | c̣aʔ | čaʔ | sˀaudimˀə̥ | c̣ˀ | paʔ | šˀ | skaʔ | paʔ | nˀ | c̣aʔ | paʔ | s | ṣ | k | sk | ṣ | k | t | c̣ | č | n | c̣ˀ | p | n | sk | p | n | c̣ | p |
plant | prefix | sˀ | ṣˀ | kaʔ | skaʔ | ṣˀ | kaʔ | taʔ | c̣aʔ | čaʔ | kaʔ | c̣ˀ | paʔ | kaʔ | skaʔ | paʔ | nˀ | c̣aʔ | paʔ | sˀ | ṣˀ | kaʔ | skaʔ | ṣˀ | kaʔ | taʔ | c̣aʔ | čaʔ | šˀ | c̣ˀ | paʔ | šˀ | skaʔ | paʔ | nˀ | c̣aʔ | paʔ | s | ṣ | k | sk | ṣ | k | t | c̣ | č | n | c̣ˀ | p | n | sk | p | n | c̣ | p |
ran | lexeme | sizəcḁsizəcḁ | šizəcḁ | kizəcḁ | skizəcḁ | šizəcḁ | kizəcḁ | tizəcḁ | cizəcḁ | čizəcḁ | kizəcḁ | tˀizəcḁtˀizəcḁ | pizəcḁ | kizəcḁ | skizəcḁ | pizəcḁ | nizəcḁ | cizəcḁ | piʔ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ran | prefix | si | š | k | sk | š | k | ti | c | č | k | tˀtˀ | piʔ | k | sk | piʔ | ni | c | piʔ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
say | lexeme | saza | gəc̣ḁza | kˀaza | skˀ | gəc̣ḁza | kˀaza | taza | dʸəc̣ḁza | čˀaza | kaza | ẓaza | pˀaza | kaza | skˀaza | pˀaza | n aza | dʸəc̣ḁza | pˀaza | səẓ | gəẓ | g | sg | gəẓ | g | təẓ | dʸəẓ | dʸ | š | ẓ | p | š | sg | p | nəẓ | dʸəẓ | p | səẓ | gəẓ | g | sg | gəẓ | g | təẓ | dʸəẓ | dʸ | nəẓ | ẓ | p | nəẓ | sg | p | nəẓ | dʸəẓ | p |
say | prefix | s | gəẓ | kˀ | skˀ | gəẓ | kˀ | t | dʸəẓ | čˀ | k | ẓ | pˀ | k | skˀ | pˀ | n | dʸəẓ | pˀ | səẓ | gəẓ | g | sg | gəẓ | g | təẓ | dʸəẓ | dʸ | š | ẓ | p | š | sg | p | nəẓ | dʸəẓ | p | səẓ | gəẓ | g | sg | gəẓ | g | təẓ | dʸəẓ | dʸ | nəẓ | ẓ | p | nəẓ | sg | p | nəẓ | dʸəẓ | p |
skin | lexeme | siuya | ṣuya | guya | sguya | ṣuya | guya | tiuya | c̣uya | dʸuya | kauya | puya | piyˀuya | kauya | sguya | piyˀuya | niuya | c̣uya | piyˀuya | sˀiuya:nˀə | ṣuya:nˀə | guya:nˀə | sguya:nˀə | ṣuya:nˀə | guya:nˀə | tiyˀuya:nˀə | c̣uya:nˀə | dʸuya:nˀə | stˀiuya:nˀə | pya:nˀə | piyˀuya:nˀə | stˀiuya:nˀə | sguya:nˀə | piyˀuya:nˀə | nˀiuya:nˀə | c̣uya:nˀə | piyˀuya:nˀə | sˀiuya:nˀe̥ | ṣuya:nˀe̥ | guya:nˀe̥ | sguya:nˀe̥ | ṣuya:nˀe̥ | guya:nˀe̥ | tiyˀuya:nˀe̥ | c̣uya:nˀe̥ | dʸuya:nˀe̥ | nˀiuya:nˀe̥ | pya:nˀe̥ | piyˀuya:nˀe̥ | nˀiuya:nˀe̥ | sguya:nˀe̥ | piyˀuya:nˀe̥ | nˀiuya:nˀe̥ | c̣uya:nˀe̥ | piyˀuya:nˀe̥ |
skin | prefix | si | ṣ | g | sg | ṣ | g | ti | c̣ | dʸ | ka | p | piʔ | ka | sg | piʔ | ni | c̣ | piʔ | sˀi | ṣ | g | sg | ṣ | g | tiʔ | c̣ | dʸ | stˀi | p | piʔ | stˀi | sg | piʔ | nˀi | c̣ | piʔ | sˀi | ṣ | g | sg | ṣ | g | tiʔ | c̣ | dʸ | nˀi | p | piʔ | nˀi | sg | piʔ | nˀi | c̣ | piʔ |
sleep | lexeme | si:baʔtu̥ | ši:baʔtu̥ | zi:baʔtu̥ | sdʸi:baʔtu̥ | ši:baʔtu̥ | zi:baʔtu̥ | ti:baʔtu̥ | ci:baʔtu̥ | di:baʔtu̥ | kaibaʔtu̥ | ʔi:baʔtu̥ | piʔ:baʔtu̥ | kaibaʔtu̥ | sdʸi:baʔtu̥ | piʔi:baʔtu̥ | nii:baʔtu̥ | ci:baʔtu̥ | piʔi:baʔtu̥ | səẓ | gəẓ | g | sg | gəẓ | g | təẓ | dʸəẓ | dʸ | š | ẓ | p | š | sg | p | nəẓ | dʸəẓ | p | səd | gəd | z | sdʸ | gəd | z | təd | dʸəd | d | nəd | d | p | nəd | sdʸ | p | nəd | dʸəd | p |
sleep | prefix | si | š | z | sdʸ | š | z | ti | c | d | ka | ʔ | piʔ | ka | sdʸ | piʔ | ni | c | piʔ | səẓ | gəẓ | g | sg | gəẓ | g | təẓ | dʸəẓ | dʸ | š | ẓ | p | š | sg | p | nəẓ | dʸəẓ | p | səd | gəd | z | sdʸ | gəd | z | təd | dʸəd | d | nəd | d | p | nəd | sdʸ | p | nəd | dʸəd | p |
walk | lexeme | se:ni | ṣa:ni | kˀa:ni | skˀa:ni | ṣa:ni | kˀa:ni | te:ni | c̣a:ni | čˀa:ni | ka:ni | c̣ˀa:ni | pˀe:ni | ka:ni | skˀa:ni | pˀe:ni | ne:ni | c̣a:ni | pˀe:ni | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
walk | prefix | si | ṣ | kˀ | skˀ | ṣ | kˀ | ti | c̣ | čˀ | ka | c̣ˀ | pˀi | ka | skˀ | pˀi | ni | c̣ | pˀi | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
work | lexeme | šuta:nˀizanˀə | nuwˀḁta:nˀizanˀe̥ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
work | prefix | s | ṣ | k | sk | ṣ | k | t | c̣ | č | k | c̣ˀ | p | k | sk | p | n | c̣ | p | s | ṣ | k | sk | ṣ | k | t | c̣ | č | š | c̣ˀ | p | š | sk | p | n | c̣ | p | s | ṣ | k | sk | ṣ | k | t | c̣ | č | n | c̣ˀ | p | n | sk | p | n | c̣ | p |
worship | lexeme | siwˀi:te̥yḁ | ṣuwˀi:te̥yḁ | kuwˀi:te̥yḁ | skuwˀi:te̥yḁ | ṣuwˀi:te̥yḁ | kuwˀi:te̥yḁ | tiwˀi:te̥yḁ | c̣uwˀi:te̥yḁ | čuwˀi:te̥yḁ | kuwˀi:te̥yḁ | c̣ˀuwˀi:te̥yḁ | puwˀi:te̥yḁ | kuwˀi:te̥yḁ | skuwˀi:te̥yḁ | puwˀi:te̥yḁ | niwˀi:te̥yḁ | c̣uwˀi:te̥yḁ | puwˀi:te̥yḁ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
worship | prefix | si | ṣ | k | sk | ṣ | k | ti | c̣ | č | k | c̣ˀ | p | k | sk | p | ni | c̣ | p | s | ṣ | k | sk | ṣ | k | t | c̣ | č | š | c̣ˀ | p | š | sk | p | n | c̣ | p | s | ṣ | k | sk | ṣ | k | t | c̣ | č | n | c̣ˀ | p | n | sk | p | n | c̣ | p |
Verbs trans table
gloss | layer | ind 1>3 sg | ind 2>3 sg | ind 3>3 sg | ind 1>2 sg | ind 2>1 sg | ind 3>1 sg | ind 3>2 sg | neg 1>3 sg | neg 2>3 sg | neg 3>3 sg | neg 1>2 sg | neg 2>1 sg | neg 3>1 sg | neg 3>2 sg | dub 1>3 sg | dub 2>3 sg | dub 3>3 sg | dub 1>2 sg | dub 2>1 sg | dub 3>1 sg | dub 3>2 sg | hort 1>3 sg | hort 2>3 sg | hort 3>3 sg | hort 1>2 sg | hort 2>1 sg | hort 3>1 sg | hort 3>2 sg | neg hort 1>3 sg | neg hort 2>3 sg | neg hort 3>3 sg | neg hort 1>2 sg | neg hort 2>1 sg | neg hort 3>1 sg | neg hort 3>2 sg | fut hort 1>3 sg | fut hort 2>3 sg | fut hort 3>3 sg | fut hort 1>2 sg | fut hort 2>1 sg | fut hort 3>1 sg | fut hort 3>2 sg |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
bit | lexeme | seku̥ | ṣaku̥ | gaku̥ | ṣˀaku̥ | čaku̥ | skˀaku̥ | gəẓaku̥ | sagku̥ | ṣaku̥ | gaku̥ | ṣˀaku̥ | čaku̥ | sačˀku̥ | gəẓaku̥ | teku̥ | c̣aku̥ | dʸaku̥ | c̣ˀaku̥ | čaku̥ | təẓaku̥ | dʸəẓaku̥ | kaku̥ | paku̥ | peku̥ | ṣˀaku̥ | kaku̥ | nəẓaku̥ | ẓaku̥ | neku̥ | sgaku̥ | peku̥ | ṣˀaku̥ | kˀaku̥ | nəẓaku̥ | sčˀaku̥ | neku̥ | c̣aku̥ | peku̥ | c̣ˀaku̥ | čˀaku̥ | nəẓaku̥ | dʸəẓaku̥ |
bit | prefix | si | ṣ | g | ṣˀa | ču | skˀu | gəẓ | sg | ṣ | g | ṣˀa | ču | sčˀ | gəẓ | ti | c̣ | dʸ | c̣ˀa | ču | təẓ | dʸəẓ | ka | p | pi | ṣˀa | ku | nəẓ | ẓ | ni | sg | pi | ṣˀa | kˀu | nəẓ | sčˀ | ni | c̣ | pi | c̣ˀa | čˀu | nəẓ | dʸəẓ |
gave | lexeme | cˀiudi | šiudi | ziudi | ṣˀaudi | dʸudi | sgudi | gədiudi | sdʸiudi | šiudi | ziudi | ṣˀaudi | dʸudi | sdʸudi | gədiudi | tˀiudi | ciudi | diudi | c̣ˀaudi | dʸudi | tədiudi | dʸídiudi | kaudi | piudi | pˀiudi | ṣˀaudi | gudi | nədiudi | diudi | nˀiudi | sdʸiudi | pˀiudi | ṣˀaudi | gudi | nədiudi | sčˀudi | nˀiudi | ciudi | pˀiudi | c̣ˀaudi | dʸudi | nədiudi | dʸídiudi |
gave | prefix | cˀi | ši | zi | ṣˀa | dʸu | sg | gədi | sdʸi | ši | zi | ṣˀa | dʸu | sdʸu | gədi | tˀi | ci | di | c̣ˀa | dʸu | tədi | dʸídi | ka | pi | pˀi | ṣˀa | gu | nədi | di | nˀi | sdʸi | pˀi | ṣˀa | gu | nədi | sčˀ | nˀi | ci | pˀi | c̣ˀa | dʸu | nədi | dʸídi |
hit | lexeme | siukˀaicḁ | ṣu:kˀaicḁ | gu:kˀaicḁ | ṣaukˀaicḁ | dʸu:kˀaicḁ | sgu:kˀaicḁ | guẓu:kˀaicḁ | sgu:kˀaicḁ | ṣu:kˀaicḁ | gu:kˀaicḁ | ṣaukˀaicḁ | dʸu:kˀaicḁ | sdʸu:kˀaicḁ | guẓu:kˀaicḁ | tiukˀaicḁ | c̣u:kˀaicḁ | dʸu:kˀaicḁ | ẓaukˀaicḁ | dʸuk:ˀaicḁ | təẓu:kˀaicḁ | dʸuẓu:kˀaicḁ | kaukˀaicḁ | pu:kˀaicḁ | piukˀaicḁ | ṣaukˀaicḁ | gu:kˀaicḁ | nuẓu:kˀaicḁ | ẓu:kˀaicḁ | niukˀaicḁ | sgu:kˀaicḁ | piukˀaicḁ | ṣaukˀaicḁ | gu:kˀaicḁ | nuẓu:kˀaicḁ | sdʸu:kˀaicḁ | niukˀaicḁ | c̣u:kˀaicḁ | piukˀaicḁ | ẓaukˀaicḁ | dʸu:kˀaicḁ | nuẓu:kˀaicḁ | dʸuẓu:kˀaicḁ |
hit | prefix | si | ṣ | g | ṣa | dʸu | sg | gəẓ | sg | ṣ | g | ṣa | dʸu | sdʸu | gəẓ | ti | c̣ | dʸ | ẓa | dʸu | təẓ | dʸəẓ | ka | p | pi | ṣa | gu | nəẓ | ẓ | ni | sg | pi | ṣa | gu | nəẓ | sdʸ | ni | c̣ | pi | ẓa | dʸu | nəẓ | dʸəẓ |
paid | lexeme | cˀi:zuwḁ | ši:zuwḁ | zi:zuwḁ | ṣaizuwḁ | čuizuwḁ | skˀuizuwḁ | gədi:zuwḁ | sdʸi:zuwḁ | ši:z:uwḁ | zi:zuwḁ | ṣaizuwḁ | čuizuwḁ | sčˀi:zuwḁ | gədi:zuwḁ | tˀi:zuwḁ | ciz:uwḁ | di:zuwḁ | ẓaizuwḁ | čuizuwḁ | tədi:zuwḁ | dʸídi:zuwḁ | kaizuwḁ | pi:zuwḁ | pˀi:zuwḁ | ṣaizuwḁ | kuizuwḁ | nədi:zuwḁ | di:zuwḁ | nˀi:zuwḁ | sdʸi:zuwḁ | pˀi:zuwḁ | ṣaizuwḁ | kˀuizuwḁ | nədi:zuwḁ | sčˀi:zuwḁ | nˀi:zuwḁ | ci:zuwḁ | pˀi:zuwḁ | ẓaizuwḁ | čˀuizuwḁ | nədi:zuwḁ | dʸídi:zuwḁ |
paid | prefix | cˀi | ši | zi | ṣa | ču | skˀu | gədi | sdʸi | ši | zi | ṣa | ču | sčˀ | gədi | tˀi | ci | di | ẓa | ču | tədi | dʸídi | ka | pi | pˀi | ṣa | ku | nədi | di | nˀi | sdʸi | pˀi | ṣa | kˀu | nədi | sčˀ | nˀi | ci | pˀi | ẓa | čˀu | nədi | dʸídi |
Santa Ana Keres notes
-
In transitive verbs, dual and plural subject number is marked by suffixes. Together with the continuative suffix, these form a subparadigm that falls into different classes, the major ones being (Davis 1964: 108f):
subtype 1 subtype 2 subtype 3 subtype 4 dual -nˀə̥ -nəti̥ -dʸi̥ -mˀə̥ plural -nˀe̥ -ne̥ -tḁ -mˀe̥ continuative -tḁ -niku̥yḁ -ti̥ku̥yḁ -sə̥ The paradigms given here are all of subtype 1. Davis implies that they cross-classify freely with the four transitive prefix classes. This is not manifested in his lexicon, but since there are only 35 transitive verbs, this may not be significant. Since Davis does not give actual paradigms for these other combinations, no attempt has been made to generate them here. Valiquette (1990) cites work by Miller in which the initial consonant of these suffixes is treated rather as the final portion of the verb stem. - Object number in transitives is marked by a stem alternation, typically involving a thematic element that occurs between the pronominal prefix and the root. In some cases it is suppletive. Inflection class distinctions are neutralized with non-singular objects: the pronominal prefix paradigm is always the same as that given here for 'hit'. - Subject number in intransitives may be marked by (i) the suffixes from #1 (all the examples in the text involve subtype 1), (ii) and/or a thematic element as in #2, and/or (iii) as shown here, different pronominal prefixes. Factoring this in would yield additional lexical types, but there are too few examples to attempt a classification, so these are treated here simply as different stems. - What might otherwise be thought of as inalienably possessed nouns (mostly kinship terms) are morphologically verbs, taking a (partly) distinct set of pronominal prefixes. The verb 'have' is inflected the same way. Although Davis construes this type as intransitive, the paradigm also contains forms which mark the involvment of both 1st and 2nd person, e.g. ṣˀ-aukˀi:ni 'you are my friend' or 'I am your friend'. - Lachler (2006: 156-58), writing about Laguna Keres, analyzes the transitive paradigm in terms of a person and role hierarchy (here presented in the forms of the predominant 'hit' paradigm):
value analysis form 1>2 portmanteau ṣa 2>1 portmanteau dʸu 3>1 1 undergoer sg 3>2 2 undergoer gə́ẓ 1>3 1 actor si 2>3 2 actor ṣ 3>3 3 actor g Note that the 'actor' and 'undergoer' distinction also applies to intransitive verb paradigms, but -- judging by the evidence in Davis (1964) -- without any consistent semantic motivation; e.g. 'be sick' has undergoer prefixes, but 'be satisfied' has actor prefixes. Especially striking in this respect are verbs which have 'actor' prefixes with singular subjects and 'undergoer' prefixes with non-singular subjects (from Davis's lexicon: 'be thirsty', 'eat', 'sleep', 'arrive', 'emerge', 'drink'). - The future tense prefix replaces the pronominal prefixes, and itself exhibits several allomorphs (Davis 1964: 85). However, it is not clear how these line up with the allomorphy of the pronominal prefixes.
References
Davis, Irvine. 1964. The Language of Santa Ana Pueblo. Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 191, Anthropological Papers No.69. 53-190. Washington, DC, Government Printing Office: Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office.
Lachler, Jordan. 2006. A grammar of Laguna Keres. PhD thesis, University of New Mexico.
Valiquette, Hilaire Paul. A Study For A Lexicon of Laguna Keresan. PhD thesis, University of New Mexico.