Sierra Miwok
Verbs table
| gloss | layer | prs | prf | vol | cont | and | pot | prs pass | rec pst pass | rec pst | prf pass | dist pst | fut | revenitive | dist pst pass | hab | habit pass | negative | venitive |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| appear | lexeme | lákšɨ- | lákšak- | lákš-e:- | |||||||||||||||
| appear | stem | CVCCV | CVCCV | CVCCV | CVCCV | CVCCV | CVCCV | CVCCV | CVCCV | CVCVC: | CVCVC: | CVCVC: | CVCVC: | CVCVC: | CVCVC: | CVC:VC | CVC:VC | CVC:VC | CVC:VC |
| appear | stress | stem-penult | stem-penult | stem-penult | stem-penult | stem-penult | stem-penult | stem-penult | stem-penult | stem-final | stem-final | stem-final | stem-final | stem-final | stem-final | stem-penult | stem-penult | stem-penult | stem-penult |
| appear | suffix | zero | ak | e: | ša:k | y:i: | n:i | ʔa: | ka: | e | aši: | anɨ: | ik | t̪u: | šeš:ɨ: | i | na: | wa: | ɨ: |
| become a wanderer | lexeme | ʔel:ipušnu- | ʔel:iput̪:i:- | ||||||||||||||||
| become a wanderer | stem | #stem1 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 |
| become a wanderer | stress | stem | stem | stem | stem | stem | stem | stem | stem | stem | stem | stem | stem | stem | stem | stem | stem | stem | stem |
| become a wanderer | suffix | zero | ak | i: | ša:k | y:i: | n:i | ʔa: | ka: | k:e | aši: | anɨ: | ik | t̪u: | šeš:ɨ: | me: | na: | wa: | ɨ: |
| delay s.o. | lexeme | ʔulúyna- | ʔulúynanak- | ʔulúynani- | |||||||||||||||
| delay s.o. | stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem |
| delay s.o. | stress | stem | stem | stem | stem | stem | stem | stem | stem | stem | stem | stem | stem | stem | stem | stem | stem | stem | stem |
| delay s.o. | suffix | zero | nak | ni | ša:k | y:i: | n:i | ʔa: | ka: | k:e | aši: | anɨ: | ik | t̪u: | šeš:ɨ: | me: | na: | wa: | ɨ: |
| eat | lexeme | ʔɨw:ɨ́:- | ʔɨ́w:ɨ:šak- | ʔɨ́w:ɨ:- | ʔɨw:ɨ́:ša:k- | ʔɨw:ɨ́y:i:- | ʔɨw:ɨ́:ʔa:- | ʔɨw:ɨ́:šeš:ɨ:- | ʔɨ́w:ɨʔi:- | ʔɨ́w:ɨna:- | |||||||||
| eat | stem | CVC:V: | CVC:V: | CVC:V: | CVC:V: | CVC:V: | CVC:V: | CVC:V: | CVC:V: | CVC:V | CVCVʔ: | CVC:V | CVCVʔ: | CVCVʔ: | CVC:V | CVC:Vʔ | CVC:Vʔ | CVC:Vʔ | CVC:Vʔ |
| eat | stress | stem-final | stem-penult | stem-penult | stem-final | stem-final | stem-final | stem-final | stem-final | stem-final | stem-final | stem-final | stem-final | stem-final | stem-final | stem-penult | stem-penult | stem-penult | stem-penult |
| eat | suffix | zero | šak | zero | ša:k | y:i: | n:i | ʔa: | ka: | še | aši: | š:ɨ: | ik | t̪u: | šeš:ɨ: | i: | na: | wa: | ɨ: |
| find | lexeme | nán:ɨ- | nán:ak- | nán:-e:- | |||||||||||||||
| find | stem | CVC:V | CVC:V | CVC:V | CVC:V | CVC:V | CVC:V | CVC:V | CVC:V | CVC:V | CVCVʔ: | CVC:V | CVCVʔ: | CVCVʔ: | CVC:V | CVC:Vʔ | CVC:Vʔ | CVC:Vʔ | CVC:Vʔ |
| find | stress | stem-penult | stem-penult | stem-penult | stem-penult | stem-penult | stem-penult | stem-penult | stem-penult | stem-final | stem-final | stem-final | stem-final | stem-final | stem-final | stem-penult | stem-penult | stem-penult | stem-penult |
| find | suffix | zero | ak | e: | ša:k | y:i: | n:i | ʔa: | ka: | še | aši: | š:ɨ: | ik | t̪u: | šeš:ɨ: | i: | na: | wa: | ɨ: |
| get killed | lexeme | yɨ́n:aŋ:e- | yɨ́n:akak- | yɨ́n:ak-a:- | yɨ́n:ak:a:- | ||||||||||||||
| get killed | stem | #stem1 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem3 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 |
| get killed | stress | stem | stem | stem | stem | stem | stem | stem | stem | stem | stem | stem | stem | stem | stem | stem | stem | stem | stem |
| get killed | suffix | zero | ak | a: | ša:k | y:i: | n:i | ʔa: | ka: | k:a: | |||||||||
| keep singing | lexeme | mɨ́l:iʔput:u- | mɨ́l:iʔput:ak- | mɨ́l:iʔput:e:- | |||||||||||||||
| keep singing | stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem |
| keep singing | stress | stem | stem | stem | stem | stem | stem | stem | stem | stem | stem | stem | stem | stem | stem | stem | stem | stem | stem |
| keep singing | suffix | zero | ak | e: | ša:k | y:i: | n:i | ʔa: | ka: | k:e | aši: | anɨ: | ik | t̪u: | šeš:ɨ: | me: | na: | wa: | ɨ: |
| kill | lexeme | yɨ́n:a- | yɨ́n:anak- | yɨ́n:a-ni- | |||||||||||||||
| kill | stem | CVC:V | CVC:V | CVC:V | CVC:V | CVC:V | CVC:V | CVC:V | CVC:V | CVC:V | CVCVʔ: | CVC:V | CVCVʔ: | CVCVʔ: | CVC:V | CVC:Vʔ | CVC:Vʔ | CVC:Vʔ | CVC:Vʔ |
| kill | stress | stem-penult | stem-penult | stem-penult | stem-penult | stem-penult | stem-penult | stem-penult | stem-penult | stem-final | stem-final | stem-final | stem-final | stem-final | stem-final | stem-penult | stem-penult | stem-penult | stem-penult |
| kill | suffix | zero | nak | ni | ša:k | y:i: | n:i | ʔa: | ka: | še | aši: | š:ɨ: | ik | t̪u: | šeš:ɨ: | i: | na: | wa: | ɨ: |
| poke | lexeme | hɨ́lya- | hɨ́lyanak- | hɨ́lya-ni- | |||||||||||||||
| poke | stem | CVCCV | CVCCV | CVCCV | CVCCV | CVCCV | CVCCV | CVCCV | CVCCV | CVCVC: | CVCVC: | CVCVC: | CVCVC: | CVCVC: | CVCVC: | CVC:VC | CVC:VC | CVC:VC | CVC:VC |
| poke | stress | stem-penult | stem-penult | stem-penult | stem-penult | stem-penult | stem-penult | stem-penult | stem-penult | stem-final | stem-final | stem-final | stem-final | stem-final | stem-final | stem-penult | stem-penult | stem-penult | stem-penult |
| poke | suffix | zero | nak | ni | ša:k | y:i: | n:i | ʔa: | ka: | e | aši: | anɨ: | ik | t̪u: | šeš:ɨ: | i: | na: | wa: | ɨ: |
| scold | lexeme | náy:ɨmšɨ- | náy:ɨme:šak- | náy:ɨme:- | náy:ɨmšɨk:e- | náy:ɨmšɨʔ:anɨ- | náy:ɨmšɨʔ:ik- | náy:ɨmšɨme:- | |||||||||||
| scold | stem | #stem1 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 |
| scold | stress | stem | stem | stem | stem | stem | stem | stem | stem | stem | stem | stem | stem | stem | stem | stem | stem | stem | stem |
| scold | suffix | zero | šak | me: | ša:k | y:i: | n:i | ʔa: | ka: | k:e | aši: | anɨ: | ik | t̪u: | šeš:ɨ: | me: | na: | wa: | ɨ: |
| win | lexeme | lú:šu- | lú:šak- | lú:š-e:- | |||||||||||||||
| win | stem | CV:C | CV:C | CV:C | CV:C | CV:C | CV:C | CV:C | CV:C | CVC: | CVC | CVC: | CVC | CVC | CVC: | CVC:Vʔ | CVC:Vʔ | CVC:Vʔ | CVC:Vʔ |
| win | stress | stem-penult | stem-penult | stem-penult | stem-penult | stem-penult | stem-penult | stem-penult | stem-penult | stem-final | stem-final | stem-final | stem-final | stem-final | stem-final | stem-penult | stem-penult | stem-penult | stem-penult |
| win | suffix | zero | ak | e: | ša:k | y:i: | n:i | ʔa: | ka: | e | á:nɨ | anɨ: | ik | t̪u: | šeš:ɨ: | i: | na: | wa: | ɨ: |
| wrap | lexeme | t̪opó:nu- | t̪opó:nak- | t̪opó:n-e:- | ʔɨ́w:ɨ:ʔ-na:- | ||||||||||||||
| wrap | stem | CVCVC | CVCVC | CVCVC | CVCVC | CVCVC | CVCVC | CVCVC | CVCVC | CVCVC: | CVCVC: | CVCVC: | CVCVC: | CVCVC: | CVCVC: | CVC:VC | CVC:VC | CVC:VC | CVC:VC |
| wrap | stress | stem-penult | stem-penult | stem-penult | stem-penult | stem-penult | stem-penult | stem-penult | stem-penult | stem-penult | stem-penult | stem-penult | stem-penult | stem-penult | stem-penult | stem-penult | stem-penult | stem-penult | stem-penult |
| wrap | suffix | zero | ak | e: | ša:k | y:i: | n:i | ʔa: | ka: | e | aši: | anɨ: | ik | t̪u: | šeš:ɨ: | i | na: | wa: | ɨ: |
Sierra Miwok notes
Morphophonology
Freeland's (1951) analysis presupposes that where C-final stem meets a C-initial suffix, an epenthetic vowel is inserted, while in case a V-final stem meets a V-initial suffix, the first V is deleted.
Verbs
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There is a 3-way morphosyntactic division in the verb paradigm between what Freeland (1951:61) calls the verbal series, the nominal series and the possessive series:
Verbal - present, perfect, volitional
Nominal - agentive: future, recent past, habituative, andative, venitive, revenitive, negative
- passive: present, recent past, distant past, habituative, perfect
- infinitives
Possessive - distant past, potential
- subordinative: present, future
- narrative: imperfect, perfect
The nominal series has nominal morphology (with case marking), functioning in effect as a predicate nominal, typically in the subjective case (p. 53), though other cases are possible under certain syntactic conditions, e.g. accusative in different subject subordinate clauses (p. 65):
ʔɨníʔ:-in-ni-y howóša:-k come-2SG-FUT-ACC expect-1SG.PRF ‘I have been expecting that you would come.’ The possessive series likewise involves a nominal form, but the subject is treated as a possessor, in the genitive case (p. 59):
ɨšíʔ:mati-ŋ ɨwíʔ:-ʔači-š náŋ:a:-y bear-GEN eat-distant.PST-3SG.POSS[NOM] man-ACC ‘The bear devoured the man.’ -
Verbs mark subject and object through suffixes. Following Freeland's presentation, these have been factored out here, as it would involve too much unverified assembly of forms. Freeeland distinguishes 3-sets of suffixes, following the 3-way paradigmatic partition described above:
- Verbal suffixes: used with the verbal series. Portmanteau marking of subject-object combinations. Essentially the same suffixes used with the present and perfect, though with some irregular fusion of stem+ suffix. Volitional suffixes are quite distinct.
- Predicate nominal suffixes: used to mark object for the nominal and possessive series, and also subject with the nominal series, in which case the suffix order is subject-object.
- Possessive series: used for subject with the possessive series.
Besides being morphologically distinct from each other, the three suffix sets have different morphosyntactic distinctions: the verbal suffixes distinguish dual and plural, the others do not; the verbal and nominal series distinguish 1st person inclusive and exclusive, the possessive suffixes do not.
-
Not all of the paradigm listed above need to be given in the database:
- The subordinate and narrative forms are based on the present and volitional forms, respectively, but use the possessive rather than verbal morphosyntactic strategy.
- Most of the infinitive types are the same as passive (infinitive 2 = present passive, infinitives 3 + 4 = perfect passive), while one of them seems in fact to form verbal nouns, and is available only to a restricted set of verbs, and hence seems better regarded as derivational.
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A major division in the verb lexicon is between what Freeland calls simple and complex verbs, essentially primary versus derived. With simple verbs, the syllable structure is crucial in determining some aspects of their inflectional behaviour, and itself alternates within the paradigm. Complex verbs have overt derivational suffixes, which may alternate in the paradigm, opposing the perfect and volitional forms to the rest of the paradigm (in the case of derived 'passive' verbs such as 'get killed', the recent past is irregular enough to be treated as a distinct stem). The West Central dialect that forms the core of Freeland's account is relatively poor in these alternating complex verbs (or more precisely, alternating derivational suffixes), but the other dialects have many more (pp. 114-123).
References
Freeland, L.S. 1951. Language of the Sierra Miwok (Indiana University Publications in Anthropology and Linguistics, Memoir 6). Baltimore: Waverly Press.