Takelma
Verbs table
| gloss | layer | valence | aor 1 sg | aor 1 pl | aor 2 sg | aor 2 pl | aor3 | fut 1 sg | fut 1 pl | fut 2 sg | fut 2 pl | fut3 | pot 1 sg | pot 1 pl | pot 2 sg | pot 2 pl | pot3 | infer 1 sg | infer 1 pl | infer 2 sg | infer 2 pl | infer3 | imp 2 sg | imp 1 pl | imp 2 pl |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I come | lexeme | intr | baxam̌tʰeʔ | baxamíkʰ | baxamátʰ | baxamátʰpʰ | baxâʔm | baxmâtʰeː | baxmakâm | baxmatâʔ | baxmâtʰpaʔ | baxmâʔtʰ | baxmâtʰeʔ | baxmíkʰ | baxmâtʰ | baxmátʰpʰ | baxmâʔ | baxmâkaʔ | baxmâkʰanákʰ | baxmâkˀeǐtʰ | baxmâ kˀeǐtʰpʰ | baxmákʰ | baxmá | baxmapâʔ | baxmànpʰ |
| II stand | lexeme | intr | sasiniːtʰeʔ | sasiniːpʰikʰ | sasiniːtʰam | sasiniːtʰapʰ | sasiniː | sasântʰeː | sasânpʰikam | sasântʰaʔ | sasântʰapaʔ | sasântʰaː | sasântʰeʔ | sasânpʰikʰ | sasântʰam | sasântʰapʰ | sasân | sasânpʰkaʔ | sasânpʰkanakʰ | sasânpʰkˀeǐtʰ | sasânpʰkˀeǐtʰpʰ | sasânpʰkʰ | sasânpʰ | sasânpʰapaʔ | sasânpʰanpʰ |
| II stop | lexeme | intr | hanâʔsteʔ | hanâʔsikʰ | hanâʔstam | hanâʔstapʰ | hanâʔs | hânʔsteː | hânʔsikam | hânʔstaʔ | hânʔstapaʔ | hânʔstaː | hânʔsteʔ | hânʔsikʰ | hânʔstam | hânʔstapʰ | hânʔs | hânʔskaʔ | hânʔskanákʰ | hânʔskˀeǐtʰ | hânʔskˀeǐtʰpʰ | hânʔskʰ | hânʔs | hânʔsapaʔ | hânʔsanpʰ |
| III kill | lexeme | tr | tˀomomâʔn | tˀomomanâkʰ | tˀomomátʰ | tˀomomátʰpʰ | tˀomóm | toːmân | toːmanakâm | toːmatâʔ | toːmâtʰpaʔ | toːmánkʰ | tóːmâʔn | tóːmanâkʰ | tóːmátʰ | tóːmátʰpʰ | tóːm | tóːmkʰaʔ | tóːmkʰanakʰ | tóːmkˀeǐtʰ | tóːmkˀeǐtʰpʰ | tóːmkʰ | tóːm | tóːmapaʔ | tóːm(n)pʰ |
| IV be lean in one’s rump | lexeme | intr | tiːkʼalâsnaʔn | tiːkʼalâstam | tiːkʼâlsiteː | tiːkʼâlsitaʔ | |||||||||||||||||||
| IV listen | lexeme | intr | taːskekʼiyâʔn | taːskêkʼitʰeː | |||||||||||||||||||||
| IV work | lexeme | intr | hekwêhakʰʷnaʔn | hekwêhakʰʷnanákʰ | hekwêhakʰʷtam | hekwêhakʰʷtapʰ | hekwêhakʰʷ | heːkwâkʰʷnan | heːkwâkʰʷnanakam | heːkwâkʰʷtaʔ | heːkwâkʰʷtapaʔ | ? | heːkwâkʰʷnaʔn | heːkwâkʰʷnanákʰ | heːkwâkʰʷtam | heːkwâkʰʷtapʰ | heːkwâkʰʷ | heːkwâkʰwaʔ | heːkwâkʰwanákʰ | heːkwâkʼweítʰ | heːkwâkʰweítʰpʰ | heːkwákʰʷ | hêkʰwǎːkʰʷ | hekwâkʰwapaʔ | hêkʰwǎːkwánpʰ |
| I come | stem | intr | #aorist | #aorist | #aorist | #aorist | #aorist | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic |
| II stand | stem | intr | #aorist | #aorist | #aorist | #aorist | #aorist | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic |
| II stop | stem | intr | #aorist | #aorist | #aorist | #aorist | #aorist | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic |
| III kill | stem | tr | #aorist | #aorist | #aorist | #aorist | #aorist | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic |
| IV be lean in one’s rump | stem | intr | #aorist | #aorist | #aorist | #aorist | #aorist | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic |
| IV listen | stem | intr | #aorist | #aorist | #aorist | #aorist | #aorist | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic |
| IV work | stem | intr | #aorist | #aorist | #aorist | #aorist | #aorist | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic | #basic |
| I come | suffix 1 | intr | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero |
| II stand | suffix 1 | intr | zero | pʰ | zero | zero | zero | zero | pʰ | zero | zero | zero | zero | pʰ | zero | zero | zero | pʰ | pʰ | pʰ | pʰ | pʰ | pʰ | pʰ | pʰ |
| II stop | suffix 1 | intr | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero |
| III kill | suffix 1 | tr | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero |
| IV be lean in one’s rump | suffix 1 | intr | n | n | zero | zero | zero | zero | pʰ | zero | zero | zero | zero | pʰ | zero | zero | zero | pʰ | pʰ | pʰ | pʰ | pʰ | pʰ | pʰ | pʰ |
| IV listen | suffix 1 | intr | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero |
| IV work | suffix 1 | intr | n | n | zero | zero | zero | n | n | zero | zero | zero | n | n | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero |
| I come | suffix 2 | intr | tʰeʔ | ikʰ | tʰ | tʰpʰ | ʔ | tʰe: | ikam | taʔ | tʰpaʔ | ʔtʰ | tʰeʔ | ikʰ | tʰ | tʰpʰ | ʔ | kʰaʔ | kʰanakʰ | kˀeǐtʰ | kˀeǐtʰpʰ | kʰ | zero | paʔ | npʰ |
| II stand | suffix 2 | intr | tʰeʔ | ikʰ | tʰam | tʰapʰ | zero | tʰe: | ikam | tʰaʔ | tʰapaʔ | tʰa: | tʰeʔ | ikʰ | tʰam | tʰapʰ | zero | kʰaʔ | kʰanakʰ | kˀeǐtʰ | kˀeǐtʰpʰ | kʰ | zero | paʔ | npʰ |
| II stop | suffix 2 | intr | tʰeʔ | ikʰ | tʰam | tʰapʰ | zero | tʰe: | ikam | tʰaʔ | tʰapaʔ | tʰa: | tʰeʔ | ikʰ | tʰam | tʰapʰ | zero | kʰaʔ | kʰanakʰ | kˀeǐtʰ | kˀeǐtʰpʰ | kʰ | zero | paʔ | npʰ |
| III kill | suffix 2 | tr | ʔn | nakʰ | tʰ | tʰpʰ | zero | n | nakam | tʰaʔ | tʰpaʔ | nkʰ | ʔn | nakʰ | tʰ | tʰpʰ | zero | kʰaʔ | kʰanakʰ | kˀeǐtʰ | kˀeǐtʰpʰ | kʰ | zero | paʔ | npʰ |
| IV be lean in one’s rump | suffix 2 | intr | ʔn | nakʰ | tʰam | tʰapʰ | zero | tʰe: | ikam | tʰaʔ | tʰapaʔ | tʰa: | tʰeʔ | ikʰ | tʰam | tʰapʰ | zero | kʰaʔ | kʰanakʰ | kˀeǐtʰ | kˀeǐtʰpʰ | kʰ | zero | paʔ | npʰ |
| IV listen | suffix 2 | intr | ʔn | nakʰ | tʰ | tʰpʰ | zero | tʰe: | ikam | tʰaʔ | tʰapaʔ | tʰa: | tʰeʔ | ikʰ | tʰam | tʰapʰ | zero | kʰaʔ | kʰanakʰ | kˀeǐtʰ | kˀeǐtʰpʰ | kʰ | zero | paʔ | npʰ |
| IV work | suffix 2 | intr | ʔn | nakʰ | tʰam | tʰapʰ | zero | n | nakam | tʰaʔ | tʰapaʔ | tʰa: | aʔn | nakʰ | tʰam | tʰapʰ | zero | kʰaʔ | kʰanakʰ | kˀeǐtʰ | kˀeǐtʰpʰ | kʰ | zero | paʔ | npʰ |
Takelma notes
- Sapir (1922) divides verbs into three primary classes that differ by their affixation. Class I verbs are roughly speaking active intransitives, class II stative intransitives, and class III are transitives; the transitive forms shown here presume a 3rd person object; dedicated forms for 1st and 2nd person objects are not shown (they are the same for all transtives). What Sapir calls class IV verbs is a diverse set of intransitives that have some of the morphological properties of transitives, namely: (i) a certain number of typically transitive subject suffixes, and (ii) the presence in some forms of the causative suffix -n.
- Each verb has two stems, basic and the aorist. Stem formation is quite diverse: Sapir (1922: 96) lists 16 types of aorist-basic stem relationships. Typically the aorist stem is an enlargement of the basic stem (e.g. toːm basic ~ tˀomom aorist 'kill', tʰaːk basic ~ tʰakai aorist 'cry').
- Some class II verbs show a 3rd person suffix -tʰ in the aorist (and potential, which has the same suffix set); Sapir speculates (p. 165) that it was originally present in all class II verbs, at least historically.
Orthographic notes
- Sapir's orthography has been adapted to modern conventions.
References
Sapir, Edward. 1922. The Takelma language of southwestern Oregon. In: Franz Boas (ed.) Handbook of American Indian Languages [vol. 2], pp. 1-296. Washington , DC: Government Printing Office.