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Tol

Language
Tol

Family
Jicaquean

Ethnologue
jic

ISO
jic

glottolog_id
toll1241

Verbs table

gloss stem-final phonology stem vowel stem-initial phonology syntax layer prs 1 sg prs 2 sg prs 3 sg prs 1 pl prs 2 pl prs 3 pl pst 1 sg pst 2 sg pst 3 sg pst 1 pl pst 2 pl pst 3 pl fut 1 sg fut 2 sg fut 3 sg fut 1 pl fut 2 pl fut 3 pl
burst V-final no le particle infix ɨ ɨ ɨ y ɨ y ɨ ɨ ɨ y ɨ y ɨ ɨ ɨ ɨ ɨ ɨ
burst V-final no le particle lexeme pʰoltʰes pʰoltʰem pʰoltʰe pʰyoltʰekekʰ pʰoltʰeké pʰyoltʰeṇ pʰoltʰes pʰoltʰem pʰoltʰe pʰyoltʰekekʰ pʰoltʰeké pʰyoltʰeṇ npʰoltʰes npʰoltʰem npʰoltʰem npʰoltʰekekʰ npʰoltʰeké npʰoltʰeṇ
burst V-final no le particle prefix zero zero zero zero zero ha tʰV1 tʰV1 tʰV1 tʰV1 tʰV1 tʰV1 n n n n n n
burst V-final no le particle stem #stem #stem #stem #stem #stem #stem #stem #stem #stem #stem #stem #stem #stem #stem #stem #stem #stem #stem
burst V-final no le particle stress default default default default final default default default default default final default default default default default final default
burst V-final no le particle suffix s m zero kekʰ ke ṇ s m zero kekʰ ke ṇ s m m kekʰ ke ṇ
drink C-final no le particle infix ɨ ɨ ɨ y ɨ y ɨ ɨ ɨ y ɨ y ɨ ɨ ɨ y y y
drink C-final no le particle lexeme mɨʔɨs mɨs mɨʔɨ myɨsikekʰ myɨsiké myɨʔɨṇ tʰɨmɨʔɨs tʰɨmɨs tʰɨmɨʔɨ tʰɨmyɨsikekʰ tʰɨmyɨsiké tʰimyɨʔɨṇ mɨʔɨs mɨʔɨm mɨʔɨm myɨsikekʰ myɨsiké myɨʔɨṇ
drink C-final no le particle prefix zero zero zero zero zero ha tʰV1 tʰV1 tʰV1 tʰV1 tʰV1 tʰV1 n n n n n n
drink C-final no le particle stem #stem 1 #stem 2 #stem 1 #stem 2 #stem 2 #stem 1 #stem 1 #stem 2 #stem 1 #stem 2 #stem 2 #stem 1 #stem 1 #stem 1 #stem 1 #stem 2 #stem 2 #stem 1
drink C-final no le particle stress default default default default final default default default default default final default default default default default final default
drink C-final no le particle suffix V4s zero V2 V4kekʰ V4ke V4ṇ V4s zero V2 V4kekʰ V4ke V4ṇ V4s V4m V4m V4kekʰ V4ke V4ṇ
fight V-final a le particle infix zero zero zero zero zero zero y y y y zero zero zero zero zero zero zero zero
fight V-final a le particle lexeme le palan le palan le palana le palanakʰ lo palaná la palan la tepyalan la tepyalan la tepyaʔna la tepyaʔnakʰ la tapaʔná la tapalan la npalan la npaʔn la npaʔnas la npaʔnakʰ la npaʔná la npaʔnakʰ
fight V-final a le particle prefix zero zero zero zero zero ha tʰV1 tʰV1 tʰV1 tʰV1 tʰV1 tʰV1 n n n n n n
fight V-final a le particle stem #stem 1 #stem 1 #stem 1 #stem 1 #stem 1 #stem 1 #stem 1 #stem 1 #stem 2 #stem 2 #stem 2 #stem 1 #stem 1 #stem 2 #stem 2 #stem 2 #stem 2 #stem 2
fight V-final a le particle stress final default default default final default final default default default final default final default default default final default
fight V-final a le particle suffix zero n zero kʰ zero pʰ zero n zero kʰ zero pʰ zero n s kʰ zero kʰ
harness C-final a no le particle infix y y y y ɨ zero y y y y zero zero zero zero zero zero zero zero
harness C-final a no le particle lexeme myan myan myana myanukʰ monú haman tʰemyan tʰemyan tʰemyana tʰemyanukʰ tʰemanú tʰaman man manun manus manukʰ manú manukʰ
harness C-final a no le particle prefix zero zero zero zero zero ha tʰV1 tʰV1 tʰV1 tʰV1 tʰV1 tʰV1 n n n n n n
harness C-final a no le particle stem #stem 1 #stem 1 #stem 1 #stem 1 #stem 1 #stem 1 #stem 1 #stem 1 #stem 2 #stem 2 #stem 2 #stem 1 #stem 1 #stem 2 #stem 2 #stem 2 #stem 2 #stem 2
harness C-final a no le particle stress final default default default final default final default default default final default final default default default final default
harness C-final a no le particle suffix zero zero V2 V3kʰ V3 zero zero zero V2 V3kʰ V3 zero zero V3n V3s V3kʰ V3 V3kʰ
place V-final no le particle infix y y y y ɨ zero y y y y zero zero zero zero zero zero zero zero
place V-final no le particle lexeme ʔyonsó ʔyonson ʔyonso ʔyonsokʰ ʔonsó haʔonsopʰ tʰeʔyonsó tʰeʔyonson tʰeʔyonso tʰeʔyonsokʰ tʰoʔonsó tʰoʔonsopʰ moʔonsó moʔonson moʔonsos moʔonsokʰ moʔonsó moʔonsokʰ
place V-final no le particle prefix zero zero zero zero zero ha tʰV1 tʰV1 tʰV1 tʰV1 tʰV1 tʰV1 n n n n n n
place V-final no le particle stem #stem 1 #stem 1 #stem 2 #stem 2 #stem 2 #stem 1 #stem 1 #stem 1 #stem 2 #stem 2 #stem 2 #stem 1 #stem 1 #stem 2 #stem 2 #stem 2 #stem 2 #stem 2
place V-final no le particle stress final default default default final default final default default default final default final default default default final default
place V-final no le particle suffix zero n zero kʰ zero pʰ zero n zero kʰ zero pʰ zero n s kʰ zero kʰ
sing C-final no le particle infix ɨ ɨ ɨ y ɨ y ɨ ɨ ɨ y ɨ y y y y y y y
sing C-final no le particle lexeme nɨehečʔes nɨehečʔ nɨehečʔe nehečʔekekʰ nɨehečʔeké nehečʔeṇ tʰinɨehečʔes tʰinɨehečʔ tʰinɨehečʔe tʰinehečʔekekʰ tʰinɨehečʔeké tʰenehečʔeṇ nehečʔes nehečʔem nehečʔem nehečʔekekʰ nehečʔeké nehečʔeṇ
sing C-final no le particle prefix zero zero zero zero zero ha tʰV1 tʰV1 tʰV1 tʰV1 tʰV1 tʰV1 n n n n n n
sing C-final no le particle stem #stem #stem #stem #stem #stem #stem #stem #stem #stem #stem #stem #stem #stem #stem #stem #stem #stem #stem
sing C-final no le particle stress default default default default final default default default default default final default default default default default final default
sing C-final no le particle suffix V4s zero V2 V4kekʰ V4ke V4ṇ V4s zero V2 V4kekʰ V4ke V4ṇ V4s V4m V4m V4kekʰ V4ke V4ṇ
sow V-final front V coronal-initial no le particle infix y y y y ɨ zero y y y y zero zero zero zero zero zero zero zero
sow V-final front V coronal-initial no le particle lexeme hisin hisin sine sinakʰ siná hasin sin sin sine sinakʰ siná sin nsin nsinan nsinas nsinakʰ nsiná nsinakʰ
sow V-final front V coronal-initial no le particle prefix hV1 hV1 zero zero zero ha zero zero zero zero zero zero n n n n n n
sow V-final front V coronal-initial no le particle stem #stem 1 #stem 1 #stem 2 #stem 2 #stem 2 #stem 1 #stem 1 #stem 1 #stem 2 #stem 2 #stem 2 #stem 1 #stem 1 #stem 2 #stem 2 #stem 2 #stem 2 #stem 2
sow V-final front V coronal-initial no le particle stress final default default default final default final default default default final default final default default default final default
sow V-final front V coronal-initial no le particle suffix zero n zero kʰ zero pʰ zero n zero kʰ zero pʰ zero n s kʰ zero kʰ
urinate C-final coronal-initial no le particle infix y y y y ɨ zero y y y y zero zero zero zero zero zero zero zero
urinate C-final coronal-initial no le particle lexeme čʰyus čʰyus čʰyusa čʰyusakʰ čʰusá hačʰus čʰyus čʰyus čʰyusa čʰyusakʰ čʰusá čʰus nčʰus nčʰusan nčʰusas nčʰusakʰ nčʰusá nčʰusakʰ
urinate C-final coronal-initial no le particle prefix zero zero zero zero zero ha tʰV1 tʰV1 tʰV1 tʰV1 tʰV1 tʰV1 n n n n n n
urinate C-final coronal-initial no le particle stem #stem 1 #stem 1 #stem 2 #stem 2 #stem 2 #stem 1 #stem 1 #stem 1 #stem 2 #stem 2 #stem 2 #stem 1 #stem 1 #stem 2 #stem 2 #stem 2 #stem 2 #stem 2
urinate C-final coronal-initial no le particle stress final default default default final default final default default default final default final default default default final default
urinate C-final coronal-initial no le particle suffix zero zero V2 V3kʰ V3 zero zero zero V2 V3kʰ V3 zero zero V3n V3s V3kʰ V3 V3kʰ
wait C-final le particle infix zero zero zero zero zero zero y y y y zero zero zero zero zero zero zero zero
wait C-final le particle lexeme li nuk li nuk li nukú li nukukʰ lu nukú la nuk la tʰinyuk la tʰinyuk la tʰinyuka la tʰinyukukʰ la tʰunukú la tʰunuk la nuk la nukun la nukus la nukukʰ la nukú la nukukʰ
wait C-final le particle prefix zero zero zero zero zero ha tʰV1 tʰV1 tʰV1 tʰV1 tʰV1 tʰV1 n n n n n n
wait C-final le particle stem #stem 1 #stem 1 #stem 2 #stem 2 #stem 2 #stem 1 #stem 1 #stem 1 #stem 2 #stem 2 #stem 2 #stem 1 #stem 1 #stem 2 #stem 2 #stem 2 #stem 2 #stem 2
wait C-final le particle stress final default default default final default final default default default final default final default default default final default
wait C-final le particle suffix zero zero V2 V3kʰ V3 zero zero zero V2 V3kʰ V3 zero zero V3n V3s V3kʰ V3 V3kʰ

Tol (Jicaque) notes

Verbs

The analysis of the paradigm given here closely follows that of Dennis (1992).

  • In terms of inflection classes, there is a primary lexical division between a class I and a much smaller class II, represented here by 'drink', 'sing' and 'burst'. In both classes, there are some verbs that display a stem alternation.
  • Within class I, there are additional lexical disinctions:
    • some verbs, take a preposed inflected particle le (the final vowel alternates by person-number and tense, and is also affected by vowel harmony with the verb stem).
    • some verbs with a front vowel in their root take a distinct set of prefixes in the non-future (hV- in the 1sg and 2sg) in place of the so-called infix.
  • Further inflection class distinctions are predictible from stem phonology, namely:
    • stem-initial consonant
    • stem-final segments
  • Dennis's (1992) account relies a good deal on morphophonology, in particular:
    • the realization of the vowels represented by V1, V2, V3 and V4 is conditioned partly by the other segments in the word form, and partly by its morphological structure; see pp. 13-16. Note that there are lexical exceptions.
    • The so-called infix involves either an underlying <y> or <ɨ>:
      • <y> is not realized before a front vowel. Note also that with verbs that take the le particle, <y> does not appear when the form of le has a front vowel
      • the realization of <ɨ> is highly restricted. It is realized as such only with class II roots that have a front vowel; this corresponds to the contexts where some class I roots with a front vowel have the prefix hV- (though Dennis does not equate these). Otherwise it is realized as the alternation of a root vowel /a/ with /o/.
  • Reading between the lines, it appears that final vowels are unstressed by default, as accentuation is only discussed when it's a matter of final vowels being stressed in some context or other.

Nouns

These are potentially interesting; there is variation in possessive marking, and (apparently) lexically specified object markers (3 allomorphs). This information comes from Holt (1999), but is not sufficient to enter into the database. One of his sources is an unpublished ms by Dennis & Fleming (1975), the other a 5 page article reproduced in Las fronteras de Mesoamérica (1976), both of which have been unavailable to us.

References

Dennis, Ronald K. 1992. La conjugación del verbo en idioma tol (jicaque). Tegucigalpa: Instituto Hondureño de Antropología e Historia and Instituto Lingüístico de Verano.

Holt, Dennis. 1999. Tol (Jicaque). Munich: Lincom.