Udihe
Nouns table
| gloss | layer | nom | acc | dat | lat | loc | prol | abl | ins | dest | refl sg nom | refl sg acc | refl sg dat | refl sg lat | refl sg loc | refl sg prol | refl sg abl | refl sg ins | refl sg dest | 1sg nom | 1sg acc | 1sg refl acc | 1sg dat | 1sg lat | 1sg loc | 1sg prol | 1sg abl | 1sg ins | 1sg dest | 1sg refl dest | 2sg nom | 2sg acc | 2sg dat | 2sg lat | 2sg loc | 2sg prol | 2sg abl | 2sg ins | 2sg dest | 3sg nom | 3sg acc | 3sg dat | 3sg lat | 3sg loc | 3sg prol | 3sg abl | 3sg ins | 3sg dest | refl pl nom | refl pl acc | refl pl dat | refl pl lat | refl pl loc | refl pl prol | refl pl abl | refl pl ins | refl pl dest | 1pl nom | 1pl acc | 1pl dat | 1pl lat | 1pl loc | 1pl prol | 1pl abl | 1pl ins | 1pl dest | 1incl pl nom | 1incl pl acc | 1incl pl dat | 1incl pl lat | 1incl pl loc | 1incl pl prol | 1incl pl abl | 1incl pl ins | 1incl pl dest | 2pl nom | 2pl acc | 2pl dat | 2pl lat | 2pl loc | 2pl prol | 2pl abl | 2pl ins | 2pl dest | 3pl nom | 3pl acc | 3pl dat | 3pl lat | 3pl loc | 3pl prol | 3pl abl | 3pl ins | 3pl dest |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| boat | lexeme | ugda | ugdawa | ugdadu | ugdatigi | ugdala | ugdali | ugdadigi | ugdazi | ugdana | ugdai | ugdai | ugdadui | ugdatigi: | ugdalai | ugdali: | ugdadigi: | ugdazi: | ugdanami | ugdai | ugdawai | ugdai | ugdadui | ugdatigi: | ugdalai | ugdali: | ugdadigi: | ugdazi: | ugdanai | ugdanami | ugdai | ugdawai | ugdadui | ugdatigi: | ugdalai | ugdali: | ugdadigi: | ugdazi: | ugdanai | ugdani | ugdawani | ugdaduni | ugdatigini | ugdalani | ugdalini | ugdadigini | ugdazini | ugdanani | ugdafi | ugdafi | ugdadufi | ugdatigifi | ugdalafi | ugdalifi | ugdadigifi | ugdazifi | ugdanafi | ugdau | ugdawau | ugdadu: | ugdatigiu | ugdalau | ugdaliu | ugdadigiu | ugdaziu | ugdanau | ugdafi | ugdawafi | ugdadufi | ugdatigifi | ugdalafi | ugdalifi | ugdadigifi | ugdazifi | ugdanafi | ugdau | ugdawau | ugdadu: | ugdatigiu | ugdalau | ugdaliu | ugdadigiu | ugdaziu | ugdanau | ugdati | ugdawati | ugdaduti | ugdatigiti | ugdalati | ugdaliti | ugdadigiti | ugdaziti | ugdanati |
| boat | suffix 1 | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero |
| boat | suffix 2 | zero | wa | du | tigi | la | li | digi | zi | na | i | i | dui | tigi: | lai | li: | digi: | zi: | nami | i | wai | i | dui | tigi: | lai | li: | digi: | zi: | nai | nami | i | wai | dui | tigi: | lai | li: | digi: | zi: | nai | ni | wani | duni | tigini | lani | lini | digini | zini | nani | fi | fi | dufi | tigifi | lafi | lifi | digifi | zifi | nafi | u | wau | du: | tigiu | lau | liu | digiu | ziu | nau | fi | wafi | dufi | tigifi | lafi | lifi | digifi | zifi | nafi | u | wau | du: | tigiu | lau | liu | digiu | ziu | nau | ti | wati | duti | tigiti | lati | liti | digiti | ziti | nati |
| younger sibling | lexeme | neŋu | neŋume | neŋundu | neŋuntigi | neŋundule | neŋunduli | neŋundigi | neŋunzi | neŋune | neŋumi | neŋumi | neŋundui | neŋuntigi: | neŋundulei | neŋunduli: | neŋundigi: | neŋunzi: | neŋunemi | neŋumi | neŋumei | neŋumi | neŋundui | neŋuntigi: | neŋundulei | neŋunduli: | neŋundigi: | neŋunzi: | neŋunemi | neŋunemi | neŋumi | neŋumei | neŋundui | neŋuntigi: | neŋundulei | neŋunduli: | neŋundigi: | neŋunzi: | neŋunemi | neŋuni | neŋumeni | neŋunduni | neŋuntigini | neŋunduleni | neŋundulini | neŋundigini | neŋunzini | neŋuneni | neŋufi | neŋufi | neŋundufi | neŋuntigifi | neŋundulefi | neŋundulifi | neŋundigifi | neŋunzifi | neŋunefi | neŋumu | neŋumeu | neŋundu: | neŋuntigiu | neŋunduleu | neŋunduliu | neŋundigiu | neŋunziu | neŋuneu | neŋufi | neŋumefi | neŋundufi | neŋuntigifi | neŋundulefi | neŋundulifi | neŋundigifi | neŋunzifi | neŋunefi | neŋumu | neŋumeu | neŋundu: | neŋuntigiu | neŋunduleu | neŋunduliu | neŋundigiu | neŋunziu | neŋuneu | neŋuti | neŋumeti | neŋunduti | neŋuntigiti | neŋunduleti | neŋunduliti | neŋundigiti | neŋunziti | neŋuneti |
| younger sibling | suffix 1 | zero | zero | n | n | n | n | n | n | zero | zero | zero | n | n | n | n | n | n | zero | zero | zero | zero | n | n | n | n | n | n | zero | zero | zero | zero | n | n | n | n | n | n | zero | zero | zero | n | n | n | n | n | n | zero | zero | zero | n | n | n | n | n | n | zero | zero | zero | n | n | n | n | n | n | zero | zero | zero | n | n | n | n | n | n | zero | zero | zero | n | n | n | n | n | n | zero | zero | zero | n | n | n | n | n | n | zero |
| younger sibling | suffix 2 | zero | me | du | tigi | dule | duli | digi | zi | ne | mi | mi | dui | tigi: | dulei | duli: | digi: | zi: | nemi | mi | mei | mi | dui | tigi: | dulei | duli: | digi: | zi: | nemi | nemi | mi | mei | dui | tigi: | dulei | duli: | digi: | zi: | nemi | ni | meni | dui | tigii | dulei | dulii | digii | zini | neni | fi | fi | dufi | tigifi | dulefi | dulifi | digifi | zifi | nefi | mu | meu | du: | tigiu | duleu | duliu | digiu | ziu | neu | fi | mefi | dufi | tigifi | dulefi | dulifi | digifi | zifi | nefi | mu | meu | du: | tigiu | duleu | duliu | digiu | ziu | neu | ti | meti | duti | tigiti | duleti | duliti | digiti | ziti | neti |
Verbs table
| gloss | layer | prs 1sg | prs 2sg | prs 3sg | prs 1inc pl | prs 1pl | prs 2pl | prs 3pl | pst 1sg | pst 2sg | pst 3sg | pst 1inc pl | pst 1pl | pst 2pl | pst 3pl | prf 1sg | prf 2sg | prf 3sg | prf 1inc pl | prf 1pl | prf 2pl | prf 3pl | fut 1sg | fut 2sg | fut 3sg | fut 1inc pl | fut 1pl | fut 2pl | fut 3pl | imp 2sg | imp 2pl | cond 1sg | cond 2sg | cond 3sg | cond 1inc pl | cond 1pl | cond 2pl | cond 3pl | sbjv 1sg | sbjv 2sg | sbjv 3sg | sbjv 1inc pl | sbjv 1pl | sbjv 2pl | sbjv 3pl | permiss 1sg | permiss 2sg | permiss 3sg | permiss 1inc pl | permiss 1pl | permiss 2pl | permiss 3pl |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| give | lexeme | bumi | bui | buini | bufi | bu: | bu: | buiti | buo:mi | buo:i | buo:ni | buo:fi | buo:mu | buo:u | buo:ti | bugei | bugei | buge | bugeti | bugeu | bugeu | bugedu | buzeŋi | buzeŋi | buzeŋni | buzeŋfi | buzeŋu | buzeŋu | buzeŋti | buje | bujeu | bumusei | bumusei | bumuse | bumuseti | bumuseu | bumuseu | budumuse | buzemi | buzei | buze | buzefi | buzeu | buzeu | buduze | butemi | butei | bute | butefi | buteu | buteu | butedu |
| give | stem | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 |
| give | suffix | mi | i | ini | fi | u | u | iti | mi | i | ni | fi | mu | u | ti | gei | gei | ge | geti | geu | geu | gedu | zeŋi | zeŋi | zeŋni | zeŋfi | zeŋu | zeŋu | zeŋti | je | jeu | musei | musei | muse | museti | museu | museu | dumuse | zemi | zei | ze | zefi | zeu | zeu | duze | temi | tei | te | tefi | teu | teu | tedu |
| say | lexeme | dianami | dianai | dianaini | dianafi | dianau | dianau | dianaiti | diaŋkimi | diaŋki: | diaŋkini | diaŋkifi | diaŋkimu | diaŋkiu | diaŋkiti | diaŋkai | diaŋkai | diaŋka | diaŋkati | diaŋkau | diaŋkau | diaŋkadu | dian(a)zaŋi | dian(a)zaŋi | dian(a)zaŋni | dian(a)zaŋfi | dian(a)zaŋu | dian(a)zaŋu | dian(a)zaŋti | dianaje | dianajeu | dianamusei | dianamusei | dianamuse | dianamuseti | dianamuseu | dianamuseu | dianadumuse | dian(a)zami | dian(a)zai | dian(a)za | dian(a)zafi | dian(a)zau | dian(a)zau | dian(a)duza | dian(a)tami | dian(a)tai | dian(a)ta | dian(a)tafi | dian(a)tau | dian(a)tau | dian(a)tadu |
| say | stem | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem3 | #stem3 | #stem3 | #stem3 | #stem3 | #stem3 | #stem3 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 |
| say | suffix | mi | i | ini | fi | u | u | iti | mi | i | ni | fi | mu | u | ti | kai | kai | ka | kati | kau | kau | kadu | zaŋi | zaŋi | zaŋni | zaŋfi | zaŋu | zaŋu | zaŋti | je | jeu | musei | musei | muse | museti | museu | museu | dumuse | zami | zai | za | zafi | zau | zau | duza | tami | tai | ta | tafi | tau | tau | tadu |
| sing | lexeme | jexemi | jexei | jexeini | jexefi | jexeu | jexeu | jexeiti | jexe:mi | jexe:i | jexe:ni | jexe:fi | jexe:mu | jexe:u | jexe:ti | jex'ei | jex'ei | jex'e | jex'eti | jex'eu | jex'eu | jex'edu | jexezeŋi | jexezeŋi | jexezeŋni | jexezeŋfi | jexezeŋu | jexezeŋu | jexezeŋti | jexeje | jexejeu | jexemusei | jexemusei | jexemuse | jexemuseti | jexemuseu | jexemuseu | jexedumuse | jexezemi | jexezei | jexeze | jexezefi | jexezeu | jexezeu | jexeduze | jexetemi | jexetei | jexete | jexetefi | jexeteu | jexeteu | jexetedu |
| sing | stem | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem2 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 |
| sing | suffix | mi | i | ini | fi | u | u | iti | mi | i | ni | fi | mu | u | ti | 'ei | 'ei | 'e | 'eti | 'eu | 'eu | 'edu | zeŋi | zeŋi | zeŋni | zeŋfi | zeŋu | zeŋu | zeŋti | je | jeu | musei | musei | muse | museti | museu | museu | dumuse | zemi | zei | ze | zefi | zeu | zeu | duze | temi | tei | te | tefi | teu | teu | tedu |
Udihe notes
Verbs
- Classes I ('give' and 'sing' type) and II ('say' type) are stem classes (Nikolaeva & Tolskaya 2001: 206-11). There are three stems: present, past and perfect stem. The present stem is treated as basic.
- Class I ends in a vowel, class II in a consonant
- Class I has some variants which are predictable from the final vowel:
- Past. Generally the stem-final vowel is lengthened, but:
- Stems ending in high vowels are diphthongized, and in the case of /i/, lengthened too
- Stems ending in long or laryngealized vowel, or vowel cluster, do not change in the past.
- Stems ending in a high vowel take the suffix -ge in the perfect. Other stems display laryngealization of the stem-final vowel.
- Class II has a phonologically predictable epenthetic vowel. The phonological conditions are such that it appears in most of the paradigm. Note that for some speakers it has been reinterpreted as an integral part of the stem, and is present throughout the paradigm (Nikolaeva & Tolskaya 2001: 208).
- Participles & converbs are inflected as class I ('boat' type) or II ('younger sibling') nouns: o as I: converbs, present participle, future participle o as II: past participle
References
Nikolaeva, Irina and Maria Tolskaya. 2001. A grammar of Udihe. Berlin: Berlin: Mouton DeGruyter.