Upper Necaxa Totonac
Verbs table
| gloss | layer | stem phonology | impfv 1 sg | impfv 2 sg | impfv 3 sg | impfv 1 pl | impfv 1inc pl | impfv 2 pl | impfv 3 pl | pfv 1 sg | pfv 2 sg | pfv 3 sg | pfv 1 pl | pfv 1inc pl | pfv 2 pl | pfv 3 pl | prf 1 sg | prf 2 sg | prf 3 sg | prf 1 pl | prf 1inc pl | prf 2 pl | prf 3 pl | prog 1 sg | prog 2 sg | prog 3 sg | prog 1 pl | prog 1inc pl | prog 2 pl | prog 3 pl |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| bathe | lexeme | C-final | ikpáʃa | páʃa | páʃa | ikpaʃá:uw | paʃá:uw | paʃa̰:tít | tapáʃa | ikpáʃlḭ | páʃtḭ | páʃlḭ | ikpáʃwḭ | paʃwḭ | paʃtít | tapáʃlḭ | ikpaʃnḭ́: | paʃnḭ́:ta̰ | paʃnḭ́: | ikpaʃnḭ:tá:uw | paʃnḭ:tá:uw | paʃnḭ:ta:ntít | tapaʃnḭ́: | ikpaʃmá:ɬ | paʃpá̰: | paʃmá:ɬ | ikpaʃma̰:ná:uw | paʃma̰:ná:uw | paʃpa̰:na:ntít | tapaʃma̰:ná:ɬ |
| bathe | prefix | C-final | ik | zero | zero | ik | zero | zero | ta | ik | zero | zero | ik | zero | zero | ta | zero | zero | zero | ik | ta | zero | zero | zero | ik | zero | zero | ta | ||
| bathe | stem | C-final | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem |
| bathe | stress | C-final | default | default | default | default | default | default | default | retracted | retracted | retracted | retracted | retracted | retracted | retracted | default | default | default | default | default | default | default | default | default | default | default | default | default | default |
| bathe | suffix | C-final | a | a | a | a:uw | a:uw | a̰:tit | a | lḭ | tḭ | lḭ | wḭ | wḭ | tit | lḭ | nḭ: | nḭ:ta̰ | nḭ: | nḭ:ta:uw | nḭ:ta:uw | nḭ:ta:ntit | nḭ: | ma:ɬ | pa̰: | ma:ɬ | ma̰:na:uw | ma̰:na:uw | pa̰:na:ntit | ma̰:na:ɬ |
| come | lexeme | n-final | pína̰ | min | pina̰:tít | ikmíɬ | pit | míɬ | pintít | pinḭ́:ta̰ | pinḭ:ta:ntít | pimpá̰: | pimpa̰:na:ntít | |||||||||||||||||
| come | prefix | n-final | ik | zero | zero | ik | zero | zero | ta | ik | zero | zero | ik | zero | zero | ta | zero | zero | zero | ik | zero | zero | ta | zero | zero | zero | ik | zero | zero | ta |
| come | stem | n-final | #n-stem | #supp_stem | #n-stem | #n-stem | #n-stem | #supp_stem | #n-stem | #V-stem | #supp_stem | #V-stem | #V-stem | #V-stem | #supp_stem | #V-stem | #n-stem | #supp_stem | #n-stem | #n-stem | #n-stem | #supp_stem | #n-stem | #n-stem | #supp_stem | #n-stem | #n-stem | #n-stem | #supp_stem | #n-stem |
| come | stress | n-final | default | default | default | default | default | default | default | retracted | retracted | retracted | retracted | retracted | retracted | retracted | default | default | default | default | default | default | default | default | default | default | default | default | default | default |
| come | suffix | n-final | zero | a̰ | zero | a:uw | a:uw | a̰:tit | zero | ɬ | ʔ | ɬ | uw | uw | tit | ɬ | nḭ: | nḭ:ta̰ | nḭ: | nḭ:ta:uw | nḭ:ta:uw | nḭ:ta:ntit | nḭ: | ma:ɬ | pa̰: | ma:ɬ | ma̰:na:uw | ma̰:na:uw | pa̰:na:ntit | ma̰:na:ɬ |
| hear | lexeme | C-final | ʔepʃá̰ta | ʔepʃa̰:tít | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| hear | prefix | C-final | ik | zero | zero | ik | zero | zero | ta | ik | zero | zero | ik | zero | zero | ta | zero | zero | zero | ik | zero | zero | ta | zero | zero | zero | ik | zero | zero | ta |
| hear | stem | C-final | #stem 1 | #stem 2 | #stem 1 | #stem 1 | #stem 1 | #stem 2 | #stem 1 | #stem 1 | #stem 2 | #stem 1 | #stem 1 | #stem 1 | #stem 2 | #stem 1 | #stem 1 | #stem 2 | #stem 1 | #stem 1 | #stem 1 | #stem 2 | #stem 1 | #stem 1 | #stem 2 | #stem 1 | #stem 1 | #stem 1 | #stem 2 | #stem 1 |
| hear | stress | C-final | default | default | default | default | default | default | default | retracted | retracted | retracted | retracted | retracted | retracted | retracted | default | default | default | default | default | default | default | default | default | default | default | default | default | default |
| hear | suffix | C-final | a | a | a | a:uw | a:uw | a̰:tit | a | lḭ | tḭ | lḭ | wḭ | wḭ | tit | lḭ | nḭ: | nḭ:ta̰ | nḭ: | nḭ:ta:uw | nḭ:ta:uw | nḭ:ta:ntit | nḭ: | ma:ɬ | pa̰: | ma:ɬ | ma̰:na:uw | ma̰:na:uw | pa̰:na:ntit | ma̰:na:ɬ |
| leave | lexeme | V-final | iktaʃtú | taʃtúya̰ | taʃtú | iktaʃtuyá:uw | taʃtuyá:uw | taʃtuya̰:tít | tataʃtú | iktaʃtúɬ | táʃtu | taʃtúɬ | iktaʃtúw | taʃtúw | taʃtutít | tataʃtúɬ | iktaʃtunḭ́: | taʃtunḭ́:ta̰ | taʃtunḭ́: | iktaʃtunḭ:tá:uw | taʃtunḭ:tá:uw | taʃtunḭ:ta:ntít | tataʃtunḭ́: | iktaʃtumá:ɬ | taʃtupá̰: | taʃtumá:ɬ | iktaʃtuma̰:ná:uw | taʃtuma̰:ná:uw | taʃtupa̰:na:ntít | tataʃtuma̰:ná:ɬ |
| leave | prefix | V-final | ik | zero | zero | ik | zero | zero | ta | ik | zero | zero | ik | zero | zero | ta | zero | zero | zero | ik | zero | zero | ta | zero | zero | zero | ik | zero | zero | ta |
| leave | stem | V-final | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem |
| leave | stress | V-final | default | default | default | default | default | default | default | retracted | retracted | retracted | retracted | retracted | retracted | retracted | default | default | default | default | default | default | default | default | default | default | default | default | default | default |
| leave | suffix | V-final | zero | ya̰ | zero | ya:uw | ya:uw | ya̰:tit | zero | ɬ | zero | ɬ | w | w | tit | ɬ | nḭ: | nḭ:ta̰ | nḭ: | nḭ:ta:uw | nḭ:ta:uw | nḭ:ta:ntit | nḭ: | ma:ɬ | pa̰: | ma:ɬ | ma̰:na:uw | ma̰:na:uw | pa̰:na:ntit | ma̰:na:ɬ |
| plant | lexeme | n-final | iktʃá̰n | tʃá̰na̰ | tʃá̰n | iktʃa̰ná:uw | tʃa̰ná:uw | tʃa̰na̰:tít | tatʃá̰n | iktʃá̰nlḭ | tʃá̰ntḭ | tʃá̰nlḭ | iktʃá̰nwḭ | tʃa̰nwḭ | tʃa̰ntít | tatʃá̰nlḭ | iktʃa̰nḭ́: | tʃa̰nḭ́:ta̰ | tʃa̰nḭ́: | iktʃa̰nḭ:tá:uw | tʃanḭ:tá:uw | tʃa̰nḭ:ta:ntít | tatʃa̰nḭ́: | iktʃa̰má:ɬ | tʃa̰mpá̰: | tʃa̰má:ɬ | iktʃa̰ma̰:ná:uw | tʃa̰ma̰:ná:uw | tʃa̰mpa̰:na:ntít | tatʃa̰ma̰:ná:ɬ |
| plant | prefix | n-final | ik | zero | zero | ik | zero | zero | ta | ik | zero | zero | ik | zero | zero | ta | zero | zero | zero | ik | zero | zero | ta | zero | zero | zero | ik | zero | zero | ta |
| plant | stem | n-final | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem |
| plant | stress | n-final | default | default | default | default | default | default | default | retracted | retracted | retracted | retracted | retracted | retracted | retracted | default | default | default | default | default | default | default | default | default | default | default | default | default | default |
| plant | suffix | n-final | zero | a̰ | zero | a:uw | a:uw | a̰:tit | zero | lḭ | tḭ | lḭ | wḭ | wḭ | tit | lḭ | nḭ: | nḭ:ta̰ | nḭ: | nḭ:ta:uw | nḭ:ta:uw | nḭ:ta:ntit | nḭ: | ma:ɬ | pa̰: | ma:ɬ | ma̰:na:uw | ma̰:na:uw | pa̰:na:ntit | ma̰:na:ɬ |
| see | lexeme | n-final | ikla̰ʔtsín | la̰ʔtsína̰ | la̰ʔtsín | ikla̰ʔtsiná:uw | la̰ʔtsiná:uw | la̰ʔtsina̰:tít | tala̰ʔtsín | ikla̰ʔtsíɬ | lá̰ʔtsḭ | la̰ʔtsíɬ | ikla̰ʔtsíuw | la̰ʔtsíuw | la̰ʔtsintít | tala̰ʔtsíɬ | ikla̰ʔtsinḭ́: | la̰ʔtsinḭ́:ta̰ | la̰ʔtsinḭ́: | ikla̰ʔtsinḭ:tá:uw | la̰ʔtsinḭ:tá:uw | la̰ʔtsinḭ:ta:ntít | tala̰ʔtsinḭ́: | ikla̰ʔtsimá:ɬ | la̰ʔtsimpá̰: | la̰ʔtsimá:ɬ | ikla̰ʔtsima̰:ná:uw | la̰ʔtsima̰:ná:uw | la̰ʔtsimpa̰:na:ntít | tala̰ʔtsima̰:ná:ɬ |
| see | prefix | n-final | ik | zero | zero | ik | zero | zero | ta | ik | zero | zero | ik | zero | zero | ta | zero | zero | zero | ik | zero | zero | ta | zero | zero | zero | ik | zero | zero | ta |
| see | stem | n-final | #n-stem | #n-stem | #n-stem | #n-stem | #n-stem | #n-stem | #n-stem | #V-stem | #V-stem | #V-stem | #V-stem | #V-stem | #n-stem | #V-stem | #n-stem | #n-stem | #n-stem | #n-stem | #n-stem | #n-stem | #n-stem | #n-stem | #n-stem | #n-stem | #n-stem | #n-stem | #n-stem | #n-stem |
| see | stress | n-final | default | default | default | default | default | default | default | retracted | retracted | retracted | retracted | retracted | retracted | retracted | default | default | default | default | default | default | default | default | default | default | default | default | default | default |
| see | suffix | n-final | zero | a̰ | zero | a:uw | a:uw | a̰:tit | zero | ɬ | ʔ | ɬ | uw | uw | tit | ɬ | nḭ: | nḭ:ta̰ | nḭ: | nḭ:ta:uw | nḭ:ta:uw | nḭ:ta:ntit | nḭ: | ma:ɬ | pa̰: | ma:ɬ | ma̰:na:uw | ma̰:na:uw | pa̰:na:ntit | ma̰:na:ɬ |
Upper Necaxa Totonac notes
- Some low-level phonological readjustments are assumed at the
boundary between stem and suffix 1:
- n + m → m
- m + m → m
- n + p → mp
- Stress falls on the final syllable if long or closed, but if the final syllable is open and short, either final or penultimate stress may occur. This is seen in the contrast between the 3sg imperfective form taʃtú 'leave' and the 2sg perfective táʃtu. Following Beck (2004) we treat this as a stress retraction in the perfective. Although Beck only describes this in terms of the 2sg perfective, it can perhaps be described more generally. On the assumption that stress (i) is limited to a two-syllable window at the end of the word, (ii) falls by default on the stem-final syllable, (iii) must fall on a final closed or long syllable, then a global rule of retraction can be said to apply to the perfective, although its chances for manifestation are limited.
- The forms shown are present tense; past and future are marked by further prefixes, which appear to be the same for all verbs.
- The inflection classes of the active verbs shown here are largely predictable from stem phonology. But for n-final stems two lexically specified types are found: the default type with invariant stem (like 'plant'), and a smaller class with a stem alternation. Beck notes (p. 33) that this class is being regularized to the default class, and that this is a characteristic of this variety of Totonac.
- Verbs with stem suppletion in the 2nd person ('go', 'come', 'arrive', 'arrive here', 'here') belong to the alternating n-final type or the C-final type, at least as far as the examples cited by Beck indicate.
References
Beck, David. 2004. A grammatical sketch of Upper Necaxa Totonac. Munich: Lincom.