Yele
Continuous verbs table
| gloss | layer | 1sg nr_pst | 1du nr_pst | 1pl nr_pst | 2sg nr_pst | 2du nr_pst | 2pl nr_pst | 3sg nr_pst | 3du nr_pst | 3pl nr_pst | 1sg imm_fut | 1du imm_fut | 1pl imm_fut | 2sg imm_fut | 2du imm_fut | 2pl imm_fut | 3sg imm_fut | 3du imm_fut | 3pl imm_fut | 1sg imm_pst | 1du imm_pst | 1pl imm_pst | 2sg imm_pst | 2du imm_pst | 2pl imm_pst | 3sg imm_pst | 3du imm_pst | 3pl imm_pst | 1sg prs | 1du prs | 1pl prs | 2sg prs | 2du prs | 2pl prs | 3sg prs | 3du prs | 3pl prs | 1sg rem_pst | 1du rem_pst | 1pl rem_pst | 2sg rem_pst | 2du rem_pst | 2pl rem_pst | 3sg rem_pst | 3du rem_pst | 3pl rem_pst | 1sg distal_hab | 1du distal_hab | 1pl distal_hab | 2sg distal_hab | 2du distal_hab | 2pl distal_hab | 3sg distal_hab | 3du distal_hab | 3pl distal_hab | 1sg prox_hab | 1du prox_hab | 1pl prox_hab | 2sg prox_hab | 2du prox_hab | 2pl prox_hab | 3sg prox_hab | 3du prox_hab | 3pl prox_hab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| die | preverb | nî | ny:oo | nmî | nyi | dpî | nmyi | dî | dpî | dnyi | n:aa | nye | nmo | nye | dpo | nmye | zero | zero | zero | nî | nyi | nmî | nyi | dpî | nmyi | zero | zero | zero | a-nî | a-nye | a-nmî | a-nyi | a-dpî | a-nmye | a | a | a | noo | nyipu | nmee | nyoo | dpî-mo | nmyee | doo | dpî-mo | dnye | nî-mo | nyi-mo | nmî-mo | nyi-mo | dpî-mo | nmyi-mo | dpî-mo | dpî-mo | dnyi-mo | n:aa | nye | nmo | nye | dpo | nmye | zero | zero | zero |
| die | postverb | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | mo | té | zero | mo | té | zero | mo | té | zero | mo | té | zero | mo | té | zero | mo | té | zero | mo | té | zero | mo | té | zero | mo | té | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | yédi | nódó | nyédi | yédi | nódó | nyédi | yédi | nódó | nyédi |
| die | lexeme | nî pwopwo | ny:oo pwopwo | nmî pwopwo | nyi pwopwo | dpî pwopwo | nmyi pwopwo | dî pwopwo | dpî pwopwo | dnyi pwopwo | n:aa pwopwo | nye pwopwo mo | nmo pwopwo té | nye pwopwo | dpo pwopwo mo | nmye pwopwo té | pwopwo | pwopwo mo | pwopwo té | nî pwopwo | nyi pwopwo mo | nmî pwopwo té | nyi pwopwo | dpî pwopwo mo | nmyi pwopwo té | pwopwo | pwopwo mo | pwopwo té | a-nî pwopwo | a-nye pwopwo mo | a-nmî pwopwo té | a-nyi pwopwo | a-dpî pwopwo mo | a-nmye pwopwo té | a pwopwo | a pwopwo mo | a pwopwo té | noo pwopwo | nyipu pwopwo | nmee pwopwo | nyoo pwopwo | dpî-mo pwopwo | nmyee pwopwo | doo pwopwo | dpî-mo pwopwo | dnye pwopwo | nî-mo pwopwo | nyi-mo pwopwo | nmî-mo pwopwo | nyi-mo pwopwo | dpî-mo pwopwo | nmyi-mo pwopwo | dpî-mo pwopwo | dpî-mo pwopwo | dnyi-mo pwopwo | n:aa pwopwo yédi | nye pwopwo nódó | nmo pwopwo nyédi | nye pwopwo yédi | dpo pwopwo nódó | nmye pwopwo nyédi | pwopwo yédi | pwopwo nódó | pwopwo nyédi |
Punctiliar verbs table
| gloss | layer | 1 sg nr_pst | 1 du nr_pst | 1 pl nr_pst | 2 sg nr_pst | 2 du nr_pst | 2 pl nr_pst | 3 sg nr_pst | 3 du nr_pst | 3 pl nr_pst | 1 sg rem_pst | 1 du rem_pst | 1 pl rem_pst | 2 sg rem_pst | 2 du rem_pst | 2 pl rem_pst | 3 sg rem_pst | 3 du rem_pst | 3 pl rem_pst | 1 sg imm_pst | 1 du imm_pst | 1 pl imm_pst | 2 sg imm_pst | 2 du imm_pst | 2 pl imm_pst | 3 sg imm_pst | 3 du imm_pst | 3 pl imm_pst | 1 sg hab | 1 du hab | 1 pl hab | 2 sg hab | 2 du hab | 2 pl hab | 3 sg hab | 3 du hab | 3 pl hab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| wash | preverb | nî | nyi | nmî | nyi | dpî | nmyi | zero | zero | zero | nî | nyi | nmî | nyi | dpî | nmyi | zero | zero | zero | dî | dnye | dpî | chi | dpî | dmye | dê | dê | dê | dpî | dmye | dpî | dpyi | dpî | dmye | dpî | dpî | dpî |
| wash | lexeme | nî kudu | nyi kpêê knî | nmî kpêê dmi | nyi kudu | dpî kpêê knî | nmyi kpêê dmi | kudu | kpêê knî | kpêê dmi | nî kpêê wo | nyi kpêê knopwo | nmî kpêê dniye | nyi kpêê wo | dpî kpêê knopwo | nmyi kpêê dniye | kpêê wo | kpêê knopwo | kpêê dniye | dî kudu | dnye kpêê knî | dpî kpêê dmi | chi kudu | dpî kpêê knî | dmye kpêê dmi | dê kudu | dê kpêê knî | dê kpêê dmi | dpî kudu | dmye kpêê knî | dpî kpêê dmi | dpyi kudu | dpî kpêê knî | dmye kpêê dmi | dpî kudu | dpî kpêê knî | dpî kpêê dmi |
| wash | stem | #stem2 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem2 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem2 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem2 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem2 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem2 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem2 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem2 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem2 | #stem1 | #stem1 |
| wash | postverb | zero | knî | dmi | zero | knî | dmi | zero | knî | dmi | wo | knopwo | dniye | wo | knopwo | dniye | wo | knopwo | dniye | zero | knî | dmi | zero | knî | dmi | zero | knî | dmi | zero | knî | dmi | zero | knî | dmi | zero | knî | dmi |
| die | preverb | nî | nyi | nmî | nyi | dpî | nmyi | zero | zero | zero | nî | nyi | nmî | nyi | dpî | nmyi | zero | zero | zero | dî | dnye | dpî | chi | dpî | dmye | dê | dê | dê | dpî | dmye | dpî | dpyi | dpî | dmye | dpî | dpî | dpî |
| die | lexeme | nî pwoːnu | nyi pwoː knî | nmî pwoː dmi | nyi pwoːnu | dpî pwoː knî | nmyi pwoː dmi | pwoːnu | pwoː knî | pwoː dmi | nî pwene | nyi pwoː knopwo | nmî pwoː dniye | nyi pwene | dpî pwoː knopwo | nmyi pwoː dniye | pwene | pwoː knopwo | pwoː dniye | dî pwoːnu | dnye pwoː knî | dpî pwoː dmi | chi pwoːnu | dpî pwoː knî | dmye pwoː dmi | dê pwoːnu | dê pwoː knî | dê pwoː dmi | dpî pwoːnu | dmye pwoː knî | dpî pwoː dmi | dpyi pwoːnu | dpî pwoː knî | dmye pwoː dmi | dpî pwoːnu | dpî pwoː knî | dpî pwoː dmi |
| die | stem | #stem2 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem2 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem2 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem3 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem3 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem3 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem2 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem2 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem2 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem2 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem2 | #stem1 | #stem1 | #stem2 | #stem1 | #stem1 |
| die | postverb | zero | knî | dmi | zero | knî | dmi | zero | knî | dmi | zero | knopwo | dniye | zero | knopwo | dniye | zero | knopwo | dniye | zero | knî | dmi | zero | knî | dmi | zero | knî | dmi | zero | knî | dmi | zero | knî | dmi | zero | knî | dmi |
| fall | preverb | nî | nyi | nmî | nyi | dpî | nmyi | zero | zero | zero | nî | nyi | nmî | nyi | dpî | nmyi | zero | zero | zero | dî | dnye | dpî | chi | dpî | dmye | dê | dê | dê | dpî | dmye | dpî | dpyi | dpî | dmye | dpî | dpî | dpî |
| fall | lexeme | nî ghay | nyi ghay knî | nmî ghay dmi | nyi ghay | dpî ghay knî | nmyi ghay dmi | ghay | ghay knî | ghay dmi | nî ghay wo | nyi ghay knopwo | nmî ghay dniye | nyi ghay wo | dpî ghay knopwo | nmyi ghay dniye | ghay wo | ghay knopwo | ghay dniye | dî ghay | dnye ghay knî | dpî ghay dmi | chi ghay | dpî ghay knî | dmye ghay dmi | dê ghay | dê ghay knî | dê ghay dmi | dpî ghay | dmye ghay knî | dpî ghay dmi | dpyi ghay | dpî ghay knî | dmye ghay dmi | dpî ghay | dpî ghay knî | dpî ghay dmi |
| fall | stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem |
| fall | postverb | zero | knî | dmi | zero | knî | dmi | zero | knî | dmi | wo | knopwo | dniye | wo | knopwo | dniye | wo | knopwo | dniye | zero | knî | dmi | zero | knî | dmi | zero | knî | dmi | zero | knî | dmi | zero | knî | dmi | zero | knî | dmi |
Yele notes
- Verb inflection is periphrastic, involving both an element preposed and postposed to the verb root. Although the database in general records only single word forms, in this case the morphological interaction between the various components is sufficient to warrant treating the whole complex as a morphological form. Thus some verbs display a stem alternation depending on the presence vs. absence of a postverb, and some of these additionally display a stem alternation in the singular remote past forms, in which case the postverb wo which is normally present is deleted.
References
Henderson, James. 1995. Phonology and Grammar of Yele, Papua New Guinea. (Pacific Linguistics: Series B, 112.) Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University.