Zuni
Nouns table
| gloss | layer | stem phonology | sg | pl |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| charcoal | lexeme | polysyllabic | noke | noke:weʔ |
| charcoal | suffix | polysyllabic | zero | :weʔ |
| deep container of ashes | lexeme | monosyllabic\C-final | lupʔe | lupa:weʔ |
| deep container of ashes | suffix | monosyllabic\C-final | ʔe | a:weʔ |
| horned game | lexeme | monosyllabic\V-final | naʔleʔ | naweʔ |
| horned game | suffix | monosyllabic\V-final | ʔleʔ | weʔ |
| infant | lexeme | monosyllabic\h or č-final | wiha | wihe:weʔ |
| infant | suffix | monosyllabic\h or č-final | a | e:weʔ |
| kinsman | lexeme | polysyllabic | ʔi:yanikinanne | ʔi:yanikina:weʔ |
| kinsman | suffix | polysyllabic | nne | weʔ |
| paw-footed mammal | lexeme | monosyllabic\m-final | wemmeʔ | wema:weʔ |
| paw-footed mammal | suffix | monosyllabic\m-final | meʔ | a:weʔ |
| stalk | lexeme | monosyllabic\V-final | k'emmeʔ | k'eweʔ |
| stalk | suffix | monosyllabic\V-final | mmeʔ | weʔ |
Verbs table
| gloss | layer | pst | neg fut | hortatory | permissive | same sbj | adjunctive subordinate | resultative subordinate | adverbial subordinate | pst agentive subordinate | prs | fut | diff sbj | contemporaneous subordinative | agentive |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| thirsty (class 1) | lexeme | kʔeyaka | kʔeyašukʷa | kʔeyaše | kʔeyatu | kʔeyanan | kʔeyan | kʔeyakan | kʔeyaniššiʔ | kʔeyakowaʔ | kʔeyaʔa | kʔeyaʔanna | kʔeyaʔappa | kʔeya: | kʔeyaʔan |
| imitate (class 2) | lexeme | kʔeyaka | kʔeyašukʷa | kʔeyaše | kʔeyatu | kʔeyanan | kʔeyan | kʔeyakan | kʔeyaniššiʔ | kʔeyakowaʔ | kʔeyʔa | kʔeyʔanna | kʔeyʔappa | kʔey: | kʔey |
| become aware (class 3a) | lexeme | yuʔya:ka | yuʔya:šukʷa | yuʔya:še | yuʔya:tu | yuʔya:nan | yuʔya:n | yuʔya:kan | yuʔya:niššiʔ | yuʔya:kowaʔ | yuʔya:wa | yuʔya:wanna | yuʔya:wappa | yuʔya:wa: | yuʔya:wan |
| come (class 3b) | lexeme | ʔika | ʔišukʷa | ʔiše | ʔitu | ʔinan | ʔin | ʔikan | ʔiniššiʔ | ʔikowaʔ | ʔiya | ʔiyanna | ʔiyappa | ʔiya: | ʔiyan |
| speak (class 3c) | lexeme | peka | pešukʷa | peše | petu | penan | pen | pekan | peniššiʔ | pekowaʔ | peneʔ | penuwa | penappa | pena: | pen |
| emerge (class 4a) | lexeme | kʷayika | kʷayišukʷa | kʷayiše | kʷayitu | kʷayinan | kʷayin | kʷayikan | kʷayiniššiʔ | kʷayikowaʔ | kʷayi | kʷayinna | kʷayippa | kʷayi: | kʷayin |
| call (class 4b) | lexeme | šemaka | šemašukʷa | šemaše | šematu | šemanan | šeman | šemakan | šemaniššiʔ | šemakowaʔ | šema | šemanna | šemappa | šema: | šeman |
| sing (class 5) | lexeme | tena:ka | tena:šukʷa | tena:še | tena:tu | tena:nan | tena:n | tena:kan | tena:niššiʔ | tena:kowaʔ | tenaʔu | tenaʔunna | tenaʔuppa | tenaʔu: | tenaʔun |
| become hot (class 6a) | lexeme | kʔał ka | kʔał šukʷa | kʔał še | kʔał tu | kʔał nan | kʔał n | kʔał kan | kʔał niššiʔ | kʔał kowaʔ | kʔałi | kʔałinna | kʔałippa | kʔałi: | kʔałin |
| not call (class 6b) | lexeme | šemanamka | šemanamšukʷa | šemanamše | šemanamtu | šemanamn | šemanamn | šemanamkan | šemanamniššiʔ | šemanamkowaʔ | šemanaʔma | šemanaʔmanna | šemanaʔmappa | šemanaʔma: | šemanaʔman |
| call (plural subject\class 6c) | lexeme | semanapka | semanapšukʷa | semanapše | semanaptu | semanapn | semanapn | semanapkan | semanapniššiʔ | semanapkowaʔ | semana:weʔ | semana:wa | semana:wappa | semana:wa: | semana:wan |
| say (class 7) | lexeme | ʔikʷa kka | ʔikʷa ššukʷa | ʔikʷa šše | ʔikʷa ttu | ʔikʷa nan | ʔikʷa n | ʔikʷa kkan | ʔikʷa nniššiʔ | ʔikʷa kkowaʔ | ʔikʷa | ʔikʷanna | ʔikʷappa | ʔikʷa: | ʔikʷan |
| be singing (class 8a) | lexeme | tenekka | teneššukʷa | tenešše | tenettu | tenenan | tenen | tenekkan | tenenniššiʔ | tenekkowaʔ | tene:ʔa | tenenna | teneppa | tene:: | tene:n |
| be eating (class 8b) | lexeme | ʔitokka | ʔitoššukʷa | ʔitošše | ʔitottu | ʔitonan | ʔiton | ʔitokkan | ʔitonniššiʔ | ʔitokkowaʔ | ʔitoyʔa | ʔitonna | ʔitoppa | ʔitoy: | ʔitoyn |
| be music (class 9a) | lexeme | tenaʔka | tenaʔšukʷa | tenaʔše | tenaʔtu | tenan | tenaʔ | tenaʔkan | tenanniššiʔ | tenaʔkowaʔ | tenaye | tenakʔanna | tenʔappa | tena: | tena |
| ask (class 9b) | lexeme | yałaʔka | yałaʔšukʷa | yałaʔše | yałaʔtu | yałan | yałaʔ | yałaʔkan | yałanniššiʔ | yałaʔkowaʔ | yała | yałakʔanna | yałaʔappa | yała: | yała |
| be inside (class 9c) | lexeme | ʔuliʔka | ʔuliʔšukʷa | ʔuliʔše | ʔuliʔtu | ʔulin | ʔuliʔ | ʔuliʔkan | ʔulinniššiʔ | ʔuliʔkowaʔ | ʔulle | ʔulikʔanna | ʔulʔappa | ʔuli: | ʔuli |
| thirsty (class 1) | suffix | ka | šukʷa | še | tu | n | kan | niššiʔ | kowaʔ | ʔa | ʔanna | ʔappa | V: | ʔan | |
| imitate (class 2) | suffix | ka | šukʷa | še | tu | n | kan | niššiʔ | kowaʔ | ʔa | ʔanna | ʔappa | V: | zero | |
| become aware (class 3a) | suffix | ka | šukʷa | še | tu | n | kan | niššiʔ | kowaʔ | a | anna | appa | a: | an | |
| come (class 3b) | suffix | ka | šukʷa | še | tu | n | kan | niššiʔ | kowaʔ | a | anna | appa | a: | an | |
| speak (class 3c) | suffix | ka | šukʷa | še | tu | n | kan | niššiʔ | kowaʔ | eʔ | uwa | appa | a: | zero | |
| emerge (class 4a) | suffix | ka | šukʷa | še | tu | n | kan | niššiʔ | kowaʔ | zero | nna | ppa | V: | n | |
| call (class 4b) | suffix | ka | šukʷa | še | tu | n | kan | niššiʔ | kowaʔ | zero | nna | ppa | V: | n | |
| sing (class 5) | suffix | ka | šukʷa | še | tu | n | kan | niššiʔ | kowaʔ | zero | nna | ppa | V: | n | |
| become hot (class 6a) | suffix | ka | šukʷa | še | tu | n | kan | niššiʔ | kowaʔ | zero | nna | ppa | V: | n | |
| not call (class 6b) | suffix | ka | šukʷa | še | tu | n | n | kan | niššiʔ | kowaʔ | zero | nna | ppa | V: | n |
| call (plural subject\class 6c) | suffix | ka | šukʷa | še | tu | n | n | kan | niššiʔ | kowaʔ | eʔ | a | ppa | V: | n |
| say (class 7) | suffix | kka | ššukʷa | šše | ttu | n | kkan | nniššiʔ | kkowaʔ | zero | nna | ppa | V: | n | |
| be singing (class 8a) | suffix | kka | ššukʷa | šše | ttu | n | kkan | nniššiʔ | kkowaʔ | ʔa | nna | ppa | V: | n | |
| be eating (class 8b) | suffix | kka | ššukʷa | šše | ttu | n | kkan | nniššiʔ | kkowaʔ | ʔa | nna | ppa | V: | n | |
| be music (class 9a) | suffix | ʔka | ʔšukʷa | ʔše | ʔtu | n | ʔ | ʔkan | nniššiʔ | ʔkowaʔ | ye | kʔannakʔanna | ʔappa | V: | zero |
| ask (class 9b) | suffix | ʔka | ʔšukʷa | ʔše | ʔtu | n | ʔ | ʔkan | nniššiʔ | ʔkowaʔ | zero | kʔannakʔanna | ʔappa | V: | zero |
| be inside (class 9c) | suffix | ʔka | ʔšukʷa | ʔše | ʔtu | n | ʔ | ʔkan | nniššiʔ | ʔkowaʔ | e | kʔannakʔanna | ʔappa | V: | zero |
| thirsty (class 1) | stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem |
| imitate (class 2) | stem | #stem 1 | #stem 1 | #stem 1 | #stem 1 | #stem 1 | #stem 1 | #stem 1 | #stem 1 | #stem 1 | #stem 2 | #stem 2 | #stem 2 | #stem 2 | #stem 2 |
| become aware (class 3a) | stem | #stem 1 | #stem 1 | #stem 1 | #stem 1 | #stem 1 | #stem 1 | #stem 1 | #stem 1 | #stem 1 | #stem 2 | #stem 2 | #stem 2 | #stem 2 | #stem 2 |
| come (class 3b) | stem | #stem 1 | #stem 1 | #stem 1 | #stem 1 | #stem 1 | #stem 1 | #stem 1 | #stem 1 | #stem 1 | #stem 2 | #stem 2 | #stem 2 | #stem 2 | #stem 2 |
| speak (class 3c) | stem | #stem 1 | #stem 1 | #stem 1 | #stem 1 | #stem 1 | #stem 1 | #stem 1 | #stem 1 | #stem 1 | #stem 2 | #stem 2 | #stem 2 | #stem 2 | #stem 2 |
| emerge (class 4a) | stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem |
| call (class 4b) | stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem |
| sing (class 5) | stem | #stem 1 | #stem 1 | #stem 1 | #stem 1 | #stem 1 | #stem 1 | #stem 1 | #stem 1 | #stem 1 | #stem 2 | #stem 2 | #stem 2 | #stem 2 | #stem 2 |
| become hot (class 6a) | stem | #stem 1 | #stem 1 | #stem 1 | #stem 1 | #stem 1 | #stem 1 | #stem 1 | #stem 1 | #stem 1 | #stem 2 | #stem 2 | #stem 2 | #stem 2 | #stem 2 |
| not call (class 6b) | stem | #stem 1 | #stem 1 | #stem 1 | #stem 1 | #stem 1 | #stem 1 | #stem 1 | #stem 1 | #stem 1 | #stem 2 | #stem 2 | #stem 2 | #stem 2 | #stem 2 |
| call (plural subject\class 6c) | stem | #stem 1 | #stem 1 | #stem 1 | #stem 1 | #stem 1 | #stem 1 | #stem 1 | #stem 1 | #stem 1 | #stem 2 | #stem 2 | #stem 2 | #stem 2 | #stem 2 |
| say (class 7) | stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem |
| be singing (class 8a) | stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem |
| be eating (class 8b) | stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem |
| be music (class 9a) | stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem |
| ask (class 9b) | stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem |
| be inside (class 9c) | stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem | #stem |
Zuni notes
- The presentation of verb inflection is based on Newman (1965), noun inflection is based on Walker (1966), taking into consideration Newman's prepublication comments appended to the end. The types represented by 'horned game' and 'kinsman' are the defaults, depending on the number of syllables.
- Newman (1965) treats number as a derivational property of verbs. The marking of the plural subject of transitive verbs is relatively consistent: most of them, regardless of their class membership, take a suffix which puts them in the class of 'call (plural subject)' (p. 53); a few from his class 9 (like 'ask') take a suffix which puts them in the same class as 'become hot'. The marking of plural intransitive subject/transitive object is much more diverse, and includes suppletive stems.
- The forms shown here represent those treated by Newman (1965) as inflectional, excluding some which involve further suffixation to these forms.
- Note that a singular noun (or 1st and 2nd person pronoun) agreeing with a plural verb indicates dual. (There is a dedicated dual 3rd person pronoun, both for subject and object.)
References
Newman, Stanley. 1965. Zuni grammar. Albuqurque: The University of New Mexico Press.
Walker, Willard. 1966. Inflectional Class and Taxonomic Structure in Zuni. International Journal of American Linguistics. 32/3. 217-227